OxiplexTS™ is a revolutionary new device allowing the measurement of oxygenated and de-oxygenated hemoglobin concentrations in tissue. The device works by emitting Near Infrared (NIR) light into tissue at known distances from a collector. Light of two different wavelengths is used and the light is modulated at an RF frequency of 110 MHz. The collected light is measured and processed, and the absorption and scattering coefficients of the medium are determined. Once the absorption and scattering are determined, the assumption that hemoglobin is the only significant absorber is applied and the oxygenated and de-oxygenated hemoglobin concentrations are calculated.

The unique feature of the ISS OxiplexTS™ is that it uses the theory of photon migration through highly scattering media. This patented technology allows for the first time the absolute measurement of absorption and scattering in a highly scattering medium such as human tissue.

Since OxiplexTS™ measures the absorption and scattering of tissues directly, it does not require any calibration, estimation, or assumption about scattering in order to make an accurate measurement of absorption and, hence, hemoglobin concentrations. This unique ability to separate scattering from absorption sets the ISS OxiplexTS™ above all other NIR tissue oximeter technologies.

Notice: Investigational device. Limited by Federal (or United States) law to investigational use. The ISS OxiplexTS™ is presently used for research only.

Applications of OxiplexTS™

Several areas may benefit from the monitoring of the absolute values of tissue oxygenation, especially when pulse oximetry is not applicable because of the irregularity, or the lack of, the heartbeat, and in all the cases where the tissue oxygenation, and not the arterial oxygen saturation, is the parameter of interest. Therefore, the applications of the OxiplexTS™ include but are not limited to:

Peripheral Vascular Disease

Monitoring Brain Oxygenation in OR/ER/ICU

• Anesthesiology
• Cardiothoracic & Vascular Surgery
• Neurosurgery

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Sleep Studies

Women's Health and Obstetrics

Neonatal Applications

• Premature Infant Intensive Care
• Hemodynamic stress monitoring

Ergonomics

Sport Medicine and Kinesiology

• High altitude physiology
• Tissue Oxygenation in Hyperbaric Chambers

Specifications

Measurements Acquired Using OxiplexTS™

A wide range of tissue oxygenation research is possible with our OxiplexTS™.

The plots below show measurements on human calf muscle during exercise. Changes in hemoglobin oxygenation and concentration can be correlated with various clinical conditions; the magnitude and rate of hemoglobin changes may also correlate with the type and extent of a vascular disease.

For example, an increase in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration during exercise might indicate a venous occlusion restricting the flow of de-oxygenated hemoglobin out of tissue. Similarly, arterial occlusions may be identified by significant decreases in oxygenated hemoglobin concentrations.

Figure (a) shows the ratio of Oxygenated to Total Hemoglobin Concentration as a percent. Also shown are some of the measurement parameters that can be correlated with physiological conditions including baseline (pre-exercise) value, change as a result of exercise, rates of change at the beginning and end of exercise, and final value after recovery from exercise.

Figure (b) shows Total Hemoglobin Concentration (in micromoles per liter).

Figure (c) shows Deoxygenated Hemoglobin Concentration.

Figure (d) shows Oxygenated Hemoglobin Concentration.

Sensors & Accessories

enlarge diagram

Adult Flexible Sensor

The flexible sensor is made from polyurethane rubber in which fiber optics and prisms are embedded. It has been designed for measurements on curved surfaces such as the head. Right hand and left hand versions are available for simultaneous dual head monitoring. The body is larger than the equivalent neonatal head scanner and is thus less susceptible to stray light and background light complications. The sensor may be held in place by medical adhesive that is attached to its surface.

Key Features

• Low Profile, Very flexible and Comfortable
• Many choices concerning emitter distances and number of emitter positions
• Side entry fibers allow for maximum flexibility of the sensor
• Inline detector/emitter geometry maximizes overlap of sample tissue
• Allows measurements on curved surfaces

Key Characteristics

• Flexible rubber molded construction
• Four emitter positions with eight emitters
• Standard fiber length 2.5 m (up to 10 m fibers available)
• Standard emitter-detector distance; 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 cm
• Custom emitter detector distances available:
  1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 cm
  2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0 cm

enlarge diagram

Dual Flexible Sensor

The dual sensor optical probe, utilized for measurements on the forehead, has been developed for measurements that require the simultaneous data acquisition on both frontal lobes of the brain (for instance, sleep apnea, ADHD). The sensor is made of soft and flexible polyurethane and accounts for forehead curvature effects, as well as sampling through the skull into the brain (effective source-detector separation range). The sensor may be attached on the forehead by means of a medical adhesive in a symmetrical configuration, so each sensor acquires data simultaneously, from the right and the left frontal lobes of the brain respectively.

Key Features

• Low Profile, Very flexible and Comfortable
• Many choices concerning emitter distances and number of emitter positions
• Side entry fibers allow for maximum flexibility of the scanner
• Inline detector/emitter geometry maximizes overlap of sample tissue
• Allows measurements on curved surfaces

Key Characteristics

• Flexible rubber molded construction
• Four emitter-detector distances
• Standard emitter-detector distance; 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0 cm
• Standard fiber length 2.5 m (up to 10 m fibers available)

enlarge diagram

Infant Flexible Sensor

The infant flexible sensor is made from polyurethane rubber in which the fiber optics and prisms are embedded. It has been designed for measurements on curved surfaces such as the head. Right hand and left hand versions are available for simultaneous dual head monitoring.

Key Features

• Low Profile, Very flexible, Comfortable
• Side entry fibers allow for maximum flexibility of the scanner
• Inline detector/emitter geometry maximizes overlap of sample tissue
• Allows measurements on curved surfaces

Key Characteristics

• Flexible rubber molded construction
• Four emitter-detector positions with eight emitters
• Standard emitter-detector distance; 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 cm
• Standard fiber length 2.5 m (up to 10 m fibers available)
• Minimum body size for neonatal applications

enlarge diagram

Rigid Sensor

The rigid sensor body is made from rugged plastic in which the eight fibers are protected and positioned. It has been optimized for measuring muscle properties at rest as well as during exercise. The body fits the contour of the hand for hand held measurements. Strap attachments allow for measurements during exercise.

Key Features

• Rugged and versatile for general investigational use
• Optimal optical coupling efficiency which allows maximum signal
• Hand held or strapped on during exercise
• Maximum accuracy and precision for flat surfaces

Key Characteristics

• Rigid Plastic Body
• Standard fiber length 2.5 m (up to 10 m fibers available)
• Standard emitter detector distance; 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 cm
• Integral Attachment Straps
• Custom emitter detector distances available:
  1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 cm
  2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0 cm
  3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.4 cm

enlarge diagram

MRI Compatible Sensors

MRI-compatible muscle sensor with optimized for use in a MRI, the fiber length is 10 m and the sensor contains no metal in the sensor body. The sensor body is made from rugged plastic.

Key Features

• Rugged and versatile for general investigational use
• Optimal optical coupling efficiency which allows maximum signal
• Maximum accuracy and precision for flat surfaces

Key Characteristics

• Rigid Plastic Body
• Standard emitter-detector distance; 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 cm
• Custom emitter detector distances available:
  1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 cm
  2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0 cm
  3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.4 cm

enlarge

Animal Sensor

The animal sensor is for research on small animals (rats, rabbits, pigs, etc.). The sensor consists of a black plastic baseplate, eight 400 μm-diameter core emitter fibers and a collecting 3 mm-diameter fiber bundle. The fiber tips are inserted through the holes in the plastic baseplate; the protruding fiber tips length is easily adjusted to fit the shape of the sample. A rubber gasket holds the fibers in place and provides a spring-like tension to the fibers. The emitter fibers are filtered to balance optical intensity at the detector for a specific range of emitter-detector distances. To block the direct reflection of the light, a replaceable, black, foam rubber strip is placed on the bottom of the sensor between the detector input and emitter output tips.

Key Features

• Direct customization to the emitter-detector distances
• Versatile for general investigational use

Key Characteristics

• Standard fiber length 2.5 m
• Emitter-detector range is 7 mm to 31 mm with holes located in 3 mm increments
• Fiber bundle can be customized with either 600 μm-diameter or 1000 µm-diameter solid core fibers
• Baseplate dimensions 5.5 cm x 5.5 cm

Accessories

enlarge specifications

Input Interface Module

The auxiliary input interface system is for data logging of up to four analog signals generated by external devices (pulse oximeter, blood pressure monitor, breathing rate monitor, inspired gas mixture monitor, etc). The data is sent to OxiplexTS or Imagent and is displayed along with oximetry measurements. This allows for the correlation of tissue oximetry data with a wide array of other measurements.

enlarge specifications

Output Interface Module

The output system is for exporting OxiplexTS data to an external device. The signal can be output at 10 Hz or less, the OxiplexTS can make measurements up to 50 Hz. Four outputs, saturation and total hemoglobin concentration for both channels is provided.

Click on a heading below to expand its contents.

Aging Studies

Evidence of a metabolic reserve in the skeletal muscle of elderly people. Layec, G., Trinity, J.D., Hart, C.R., Le Fur, Y., Sorensen, J.R., Jeong, E.K., Richardson, R.S. Aging (Albany NY). 2016 Nov 6;9(1):52-67. doi: 10.18632/aging.101079.

Neonatal Applications

	Noninvasive monitoring of red blood cell transfusion in very low birthweight infants using diffuse optical spectroscopy. A. Cerussi, R. Van Woerkom, F. Waffarn and B. Tromberg. J. Biomed. Optics: 10(5), 2005
	Noninvasive monitoring of hemodynamic stress using quantitative near-infrared frequency-domain photon migration spectroscopy. Tuan H. Pham, R. Horniung, H. P. Ha, T. Burney, D. Serna, L. Powell, M. Brenner and B. Tromberg. J. Biomed. Optics: 7(1), 34-44, 2002

Neurovascular Surgery - Anesthesiology

	Effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine bolus treatment on cerebral oxygenation in anaesthetized patients. Meng, L., Cannesson, M., Alexander, B.S., Yu, Z., Kain, Z.N., Cerussi, A.E., Tromberg, B.J., Mantulin, W.W. Br J Anaesth. 2011 Aug;107(2):209-17. doi: 10.1093/bja/aer150. Epub 2011 Jun 3.
	Detection of cerebral ischemia in neurovascular surgery using quantitative frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy Mateo Calderon-Arnulphi, MD; Ali Alaraj, MD; sepideh amin-hanjani, MD; william w. mantulin, Ph.d.,2 chiara m. polzonetti, MS; Enrico Gratton, PhD; Fady t. Charbel, MD; J Neurosurg 106:283-290, 2007
	Frequency domain near-infrared spectroscopy technique in the assessment of brain oxygenation: A validation study in live subjects and cadavers. Gatto R, Hoffman W, Mueller M, Flores A, Valyi-Nagy T, Charbel FT. J Neurosci Methods. 2006 May 23; [Epub ahead of print]
	Brain Oxyhemoglobin Stimulation during Intubation William E. Hoffman, Ph.D., Rodolfo Gatto, M.D., Verna L. Baughman, M.D., Fady Charbel, M.D Proceedings of American Society of Anesthesiology: A1034: October 14-18, 2006
	Is Outcome in Neurosurgery Related to Brain Hypoxia? Verna L. Baughman, M.D., Onn Paisansathan, M.D., William E. Hoffman, Ph.D., Rodolfo Gatto, M.D., Fady Charbel, M.D. Proceedings of American Society of Anesthesiology: A55: October 14-18, 2006
	Quantitative Evaluation of Dexmedetomidine Effects on Regional Brain Tissue Oxygenation Rodolfo G. Gatto, M.D., William Hoffman, Ph.D., Verna Baughman, M.D., Fady T. Charbel, M.D. Proceedings of American Society of Anesthesiology: A198: October 14-18, 2006
	Bedside Evaluation of Cerebral Autoregulation Using Frequency Domain Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Mateo Calderon-Arnulphi, MD; Ali M. Alaraj, MD; Rodolfo G. Gatto, MD; Hrachya Nersesyan, MD; William Mantulin, PhD; Antonios Michalos, MD; Enrico Gratton, PhD; Fady T. Charbel, MD. 55th annual meeting. Congress of Neurological Surgeons October8-13, 2005
	Prediction of Cerebral Ischemia in Neurovascular Surgery. Mateo Calderon-Arnulphi, MD; Gatto Rodolfo, MD; Ali Alaraj, MD; Hrachya Nersesyan, MD; William Mantulin, PhD; Antonios Michalos, MD; Enrico Gratton , PhD; Fady T. Charbel, MD. 55th annual meeting. Congress of Neurological Surgeons October8-13, 2005
	Changes in oxygenation and hemodynamics in the human head assessed by frequency-domain multi-distance NIRS. Michalos, A., M. Calderon, L. P. Safonova, R. Gupta, W. W. Mantulin, E. Gratton. Optical Society of America Biomedical Topics: FE7, 17-19, 2004

Brain Studies and Applications in Medicine and Surgery

	Hemodynamic Changes Associated with Lateralized Periodic Discharges: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Continuous EEG Study Winslow, N., George, M., Michalos, A., Wang, H., Ergene, E., Xu, M. Neurocrit Care (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-020-01154-4
	Near-infrared measurements of brain oxygenation in stroke. Moreau, F., Yang, R., Nambiar, V., Demchuk, A.M., Dunn, J.F. Neurophotonics. 2016 Jul;3(3):031403. doi: 10.1117/1.NPh.3.3.031403. Epub 2016 Feb 11.
	Studying cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism using simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy and transcranial Doppler ultrasound: a hyperventilation and caffeine study. Yang, R., Brugniaux, J., Dhaliwal, H., Beaudin, A.E., Eliasziw, M., Poulin, M.J., Dunn, J.F. Physiol Rep. 2015 Apr;3(4). pii: e12378. doi: 10.14814/phy2.12378.
	Reduced cortical microvascular oxygenation in multiple sclerosis: a blinded, case-controlled study using a novel quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy method. Yang, R., Dunn, J.F. Sci Rep. 2015 Nov 13;5:16477. doi: 10.1038/srep16477.
	Coupling Between Arterial Pressure, Cerebral Blood Velocity, and Cerebral Tissue Oxygenation With Spontaneous and Forced Oscillations. Rickards, C.A., Sprick, J.D., Colby, H.B., Kay, V.L., Tzeng, Y.C. Physiol Meas., 2015, 36(4), 785-801.
	Do women see things differently than men do? Jausovec, N., Jausovec, K. NeuroImage (2008), doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.11.013
	Noninvasive monitoring of red blood cell transfusion in very low birthweight infants using diffuse optical spectroscopy. Cerussi A, Van Woerkom R, Waffarn F, Tromberg B. J Biomed Opt. 2005 Sep-Oct;10(5):051401. PMID: 16292938
	Transcranial Doppler and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Can Evaluate the Hemodynamic Effect of Carotid Artery Occlusion Vernieri F, Tibuzzi F, Pasqualetti P, Rosato N, Passarelli F, Rossini PM, Silvestrini M. Stroke. 2004 Jan;35(1):64-70. Epub 2003 Dec 18 PMID: 14684777
	Bilateral near-infrared monitoring of the cerebral concentration and oxygen-saturation of hemoglobin during right unilateral electro-convulsive therapy. F. Fabbri, M. E. Henry, P. F. Renshaw, S. Nadgir, B. L. Ehrenberg, M. A. Franceschini, and S. Fantini. Brain Research 99: 193-204, 2003
	Non-invasive determination of optical properties of adult brain with frequency domain near-infrared spectroscopy. Choi, J.H, Wolf, M., Safonova, L.P., Michalos, A., Gratton, E. Optical Society of America Biomedical Topics: SuD33, 144-147, 2002
	Non-invasive and quantitative near-infrared hemoglobin spectrometry in the piglet brain during hypoxic stress, using a frequency-domain multi-distance instrument. D. M. Hueber; M A. Franceschini; H. Y. Ma; Q. Zhang; J. R. Ballesteros; S. Fantini; D. Wallace; Ntziachristos; B. Chance. Phys. Med. Biol. 4:, 41-42, 2001.
	Investigation of human brain hemodynamics by simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Toronov, V., A .Webb, J.H. Choi, M. Wolf, A. Michalos, E. Gratton and D. Hueber. Med Phys; 28(4): 521-7, 2001
	Study of local cerebral hemodynamics by frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy and correlation with simultaneously acquired functional magnetic resonance imaging. Vladislav Toronov, Andrew Webb, Jee Hyun Choi, Martin Wolf, Larisa Safonova, Ursula Wolf, and Enrico Gratton Optics Express 9(8): 417-427, 2001
	Monitoring Brain Activity Using Near-Infrared Light S. Fantini, P. Aggarwal, K. Chen, and M. A. Franceschini American Laboratory 33(20):15-17, 2001
	Cerebral Hemodynamics Measured by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy at Rest and During Motor Activation M. A. Franceschini, S. Fantini, V. Toronov, M. E. Filiaci, E. Gratton OSA In Vivo Optical Imaging Workshop, A. Gandjbakhche ed., (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC 2000), 73-80, 2000.
	Correlation between oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin concentration changes in the visual and motor cortex during stimulation and a review of fast functional changes: A near-infrared spectroscopy study. Wolf, M., U. Wolf, V. Toronov, A. Michalos, L.A. Paunescu, J.H. Choi and E. Gratton. Proc. 28th Ann Mtg International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue (ISOTT), Ed. B. Oeseburg, Pabst Sci Pub; p:1, 2000
	Near-infrared study of fluctuations in cerebral hemodynamics during rest and motor stimulation: temporal analysis and spatial mapping. Toronov, V., M.A. Franceschini, M. Filiaci, S. Fantini, M. Wolf, A. Michalos and E. Gratton. Med. Phys. 27(4): 801-815, 2000
	Maps of cerebral hemoglobin concentration changes obtained by near-infrared spectroscopy. Characterization of phase shifts among locations Wolf, M., V. Toronov, U. Wolf, L.A. Paunescu, A. Michalos and E. Gratton. Optical Society of America Biomedical Topics: TuF6, 416-418, 2000
	Evaluation of Vascular Steal with Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Choudhury D, Levi M, Fennelly P. J Am Soc Nephrol, A1028, 1999
	Near infrared spectroscopy and transcranial Doppler in monohemispheric stroke. Vernieri F, Rosato N, Pauri F, Tibuzzi F, Passarelli F, Rossini PM. Eur Neurol. 1999;41(3):159-62. PMID: 10202248
	Measurements of Scattering and Absorption Changes in Muscle and Brain. E. Gratton, S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini, G. Gratton, and M. Fabiani. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. of Lond. B 35 727-735, 1997.
	Brain oxygenation monitoring during cardiopulmonary bypass by near infrared spectroscopy. De Blasi RA, Almenrader N, Ferrari M. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1997;413:97-104 PMID: 9238490
	Cerebral and muscle oxygen saturation measurement by frequency-domain near-infrared spectrometer. De Blasi, R.A., Fantini, S., Franceschini, M.A., Ferrari, M., and Gratton, E. Med Biol Eng Comput 33, 228-230 (1995).
	Cerebral and muscle oxygen saturation measurement by a frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopic technique. Ferrari, M., De Blasi, R.A., Fantini, S., Franceschini, M.A., Barbieri, B., Quaresima, V., and Gratton, E. Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 2389, (1995), pp. 868-874.

Brain Imaging (slow signals) on humans

	Cerebral Hemodynamic and Oxygenation Changes Induced by Inner and Heard Speech: A Study Combining Functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy and Capnography. Scholkmann, F., Klein, S.D., Gerber, U., Wolf, M., Wolf, U. J Biomed Opt., 2014, 19(1), 17002.
	The Effect of Inner Speech on Arterial CO2 and Cerebral Hemodynamics and Oxygenation: A Functional NIRS Study. Scholkmann, F., Wolf, M., Wolf, U. Adv Exp Med Biol., 2013, 789, 81-7.
	Detection of Motor Execution Using a Hybrid fNIRS-biosignal BCI: A Feasibility Study. Zimmermann, R., Marchal-Crespo, L., Edelmann, J., Lambercy, O., Fluet, M.C., Riener, R., Wolf, M., Gassert, R. J Neuroeng Rehabil., 2013, 10, 4.
	Assessment of Potential Short-term Effects of Intermittent UMTS Electromagnetic Fields on Blood Circulation in an Exploratory Study, Using Near-infrared Imaging Spichtig, S., Scholkmann, F., Chin, L., Lehmann, H. and Wolf, M. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2012, 737, 83-88.
	Assessment of Intermittent UMTS Electromagnetic Field Effects on Blood Circulation in the Human Auditory Region Using a Near-infrared System. Spichtig, S., Scholkmann, F., Chin, L., Lehmann, H., Wolf, M. Bioelectromagnetics., 2012, 33(1), 40-54.
	Functional frequency domain near-infrared spectroscopy detects fast neuronal signal in the motor cortex. Wolf, M., U. Wolf, J.H. Choi, R. Gupta, L.P. Safonova, L. A. Paunescu, A. Michalos and E. Gratton. Neuroimage 17: 1868-1875, 2002
	Different time evolution of oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin correlation changes in the visual and motor cortices during functional stimulation: A near-infrared spectroscopy study. Wolf, M., U. Wolf, V. Toronov, A. Michalos, L. A. Paunescu, J.H. Choi and E. Gratton. Neuroimage 16: 704-712, 2002
	Scalp-recorded optical signals make sound processing in the auditory cortex visible? Rinne T, Gratton G, Fabiani M, Cowan N, Maclin E, Stinard A, Sinkkonen J, Alho K, Naatanen R. Neuroimage. 1999 Nov;10(5):620-4. No abstract available. PMID: 10547339
	Real time optical imaging and spectroscopy of brain ischemia and hemorrhage. Stankovic, M., Maulik, D., Stubblefield, P., Rosenfeld, W., Gratton, E., Franceschini, M., and Fantini, S. Proc. of SPIE , Vol. 3597, (1999), pp. 676-684.
	Real time optical imaging and spectroscopy of brain ischemia and hemorrhage in neonatal piglets. Stankovic, M., Maulik, D., Rosenfeld, W., Stubblefield, P., Kofinas, A., Drexler, S., Nair, R., Franceschini, M., Hueber, D., Gratton, E., and Fantini, S. J. Perinat. Med., 27: 279-286, 1999
	Noninvasive detection of fast signals from the cortex using frequency-domain optical methods. Gratton G, Fabiani M, Corballis PM, Gratton E. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997 May 30;820:286-98; discussion 298-9. Review.. PMID: 9237461
	Can we measure correlates of neuronal activity with non-invasive optical methods? Gratton G, Fabiani M, Corballis PM. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1997;413:53-62. Review. PMID: 9238485
	Non invasive near infrared optical imaging of human brain function with subsecond temporal resolution. Fabiani, M., Gratton, G., and Corballis, P. Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 1 No. 4, (1996.), pp. 387-398
	Rapid Changes of Optical Parameters in the Human Brain during a Tapping Task. Gratton G, Fabiani M, Friedman D, Franceschini MA, Fantini S, Corballis PM, and Gratton E. J. Cogn Neuroscience 7: 446-456,1995
	Shades of grey matter: non invasive optical images of human brain responses during visual stimulation. Gratton, G., Corballis, P., Cho, E., Fabiani, M., and Hood, D. Psychophysiology, Vol. 32, (1995), pp. 505-509.
	Feasability of intracranial near infrared optical scanning. Gratton, G., Maier, J., Fabiani, M., Mantulin, W., and Gratton, E. Psychophysiology, Vol. 31, (1994), pp. 211-215.

Coronary Bypass

Presence of Coronary Collaterals Is Associated With a Decreased Incidence of Cognitive Decline After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. Dieleman, J.1., Sauër, A.M., Klijn, C., Nathoe, H., Moons, K., Kalkman, C., Kappelle, J., Van Dijk, D. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg., 2009, 35(1), 48-53.

Sleep Studies

	The occurrence of individual slow waves in sleep is predicted by heart rate. Mensen, A., Zhang, Z., Qi, M., Khatami, R. Sci Rep. 2016 Jul 22;6:29671. doi: 10.1038/srep29671.
	Pattern Analysis of Cerebral Hemodynamics Measured by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in OSA. CO Olopade, MD, A Michalos, MD, R Gupta, BA, M Lera, PhD, WW Mantulin, PhD, E Gratton, PhD. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 3: A705, 2006
	Effect of OSA on Cerebral Blood Flow Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. C.O. Olopade, MD, A. Michalos, MD, R. Gupta, BA, E. Mensah, PhD, N. Fossland, BA, D. Picchietti, MD, D. Greeley, MD, S. Manchanda, MD, E. Gratton, PhD. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 2: A527, 2005
	Age-correlated changes in cerebral hemodynamics assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy. Safonova, L.P., A. Michalos, U. Wolf, M. Wolf, D.M. Hueber, J.H. Choi, R. Gupta, C. Polzonetti, W.W. Mantulin and E. Gratton. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 39(3): 207-225, 2004
	Near-infrared spectroscopy for the assessment of vascular responsiveness of the brain: A screening method for cerebrovascular morbidity in obstructive sleep apnea. Michalos, A., L.P Safonova, C.S. Olopade, J.H. Choi, W.W. Mantulin, D.M. Hueber, B. Barbieri, E. Gratton. SLEEP 26(suppl): 0983.R, A390-391, 2003
	Near-infrared brain oximetry in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Michalos, A., L.P Safonova, J.H. Choi, B. Barbieri, E. Gratton. Sleep Medicine 4(suppl. 1): S31-S32, 2003
	Near-infrared spectroscopy and polysomnography during aal-night sleep in human subjects S. Fantini, P. Aggarwal, K. Chen, M. A. Franceschini, and B. L. Ehrenberg Proc. SPIE 5068: 155-162, 2003.
	Near-infrared spectroscopy for diagnosis and screening of cerebrovascular morbidity in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Michalos, A., L.P. Safonova, J.H. Choi, R. Gupta, C. Polzonetti, M. Calderon and E. Gratton. Proceedings, II International Symposium : "Shedding New Light on Disease: Optical Diagnostics for the New Millennium." p. 16, June 23-27, 2002, Reims, France
	Evaluation of brain oxygenation and hemodynamics by near-infrared spectroscopy. Michalos, A., L.P. Safonova, U. Wolf, M. Wolf, J.H. Choi, R. Gupta, W.W. Mantulin, D.M. Hueber, B. Barbieri and E. Gratton. Obstructive Sleep Apnea: SLEEP 25(suppl): 547.R, A390-391, 2002
	Reduced cerebral hemodynamic response in sleep disorders: A NIRS frequency domain study. Michalos, A., L.P. Safonova, D.M. Hueber, U. Wolf, M. Wolf, J.H. Choi, R. Gupta, C. Polzonetti, B. Barbieri, W.W. Mantulin and E. Gratton. Optical Society of America, Biomedical Topics: MA1, 248-250, 2002
	Age correlated changes in cerebral hemodynamics assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy. Safonova, L.P., A. Michalos, D.M. Hueber, U. Wolf, M. Wolf, Jee H. Choi, R. Gupta, C. Polzonetti, B. Barbieri, W.W. Mantulin and E. Gratton. Optical Society of America Biomedical Topics: SuD35, 149-151, 2002
	Assessment of cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Michalos, A., L.A. Paunescu, M. Wolf, U. Wolf, V. Toronov, M.A. Franceschini, S. Fantini and E. Gratton. Optical Society of America Biomedical Topics: SuH16, 163-165, 2000

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)

	Localized irregularities in hemoglobin flow and oxygenation in the calf muscle in patients with peripheral vascular disease detected by near-infrared spectrophotometry. Wolf, U., M. Wolf, J. H. Choi, M. Levi, D. Choudhury, S. Hull, D. Coussirat, L.A. Paunescu, L.P. Safonova, A. Michalos, W.W. Mantulin and E. Gratton. J Vasc Surg 37(5): 1017-1026, 2003
	Summary of the results of a 95 subject human clinical trial for the diagnosis of peripheral vascular disease using a near infrared frequency domain hemoglobin spectrometer. Wallace, D., Michener, B., Choudhury, D., Levi, M., Fennelly, P., Hueber, D., and Barbieri, B. Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 3597, (1999), pp. 300-316.
	Near infrared spectroscopy in the early detection of peripheral vascular disease. Choudhury, D., Michener, B., Fennelly, P., and Levi, M. Journal of Vascular Technol. 23: 109-113, 1999
	Near infrared spectroscopy in the evaluation of lower limb ischemia in hemodialysis patients. Choudhury, D., Michener, B., Fennelly, P., and Levi, M. Journal of Vascular Technol. 23: 21-23, 1999
	Quantitative near infrared spectroscopy on patients with peripheral vascular disease. Franceschini, M. et. al. Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 3194, (1998), pp. 112-115.

Physiology

	The role of cerebral oxygenation and regional cerebral blood flow on tolerance to central hypovolemia. Kay, V.L., Rickards, C.A. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2016 Feb 15;310(4):R375-83. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00367.2015. Epub 2015 Dec 16.
	Reproducibility of a continuous ramp lower body negative pressure protocol for simulating hemorrhage. Kay, V.L., Rickards, C.A. Physiol Rep. 2015 Nov;3(11). pii: e12640. doi: 10.14814/phy2.12640.
	Coupling between arterial pressure, cerebral blood velocity, and cerebral tissue oxygenation with spontaneous and forced oscillations. Rickards, C.A., Sprick, J.D., Colby, H.B., Kay, V.L., Tzeng, Y.C. Physiol Meas. 2015 Apr;36(4):785-801. doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/36/4/785. Epub 2015 Mar 23.

Spinal Cord

Quantification of Light Reflectance Spectroscopy and Its Application: Determination of Hemodynamics on the Rat Spinal Cord and Brain Induced by Electrical Stimulation. Sharma, V.1., He, J.W., Narvenkar, S., Peng, Y.B., Liu, H. Neuroimage., 2011, 56(3), 1316-28.

Muscle Studies

	Cerebral and muscle oxygen saturation measurement by a frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopic technique. Ferrari, M., De Blasi, R.A., Fantini, S., Franceschini, M.A., Barbieri, B., Quaresima, V., and Gratton, E. Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 2389, (1995), pp. 868-874.
	Cerebral and muscle oxygen saturation measurement by frequency-domain near-infrared spectrometer. De Blasi, R.A., Fantini, S., Franceschini, M.A., Ferrari, M., and Gratton, E. Med Biol Eng Comput 33: 228-230,1995
	In vivo study of human tissues with a portable near-infrared tissue spectrometer. Maier, J.S., Barbieri, B., Chervu, A., Chervu, I., Fantini, S., Franceschini, M.A., Levi, M., Mantulin, W.W., Rosenberg, A., Walker, S.A., and Gratton, E. Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 2387, (1995), pp. 240-248.
	Quadriceps oxygenation changes during walking and running on a treadmill. Quaresima, V., Pizzi, A., De Blasi, R., Ferrari, A., and Ferrari, M. Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 2387, (1995), pp. 249-256.
	O2 consumption-O2 delivery relationship and arteriolar resistance in the forearm of critically ill patients measured by near infrared spectroscopy. De Blasi RA, Ferrari M, Antonelli M, Conti G, Almenrader N, Gasparetto A. Shock. 1996 Nov;6(5):319-25. PMID: 8946645
	Oxidative metabolism in muscle. M. Ferrari, T. Binzoni, V. Quaresima, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 352(1354): 677 - 683, 1997
	Difference in leg muscles oxygenation during treadmill exercise by a new near infrared frequency domain oximeter. Quaresima, V., Franceschini, M.A., Fantini, S., Gratton, E., and Ferrari, M. Proc. SPIE, Vol. 3194, (1998), pp. 116-120.
	Comparison between near-infrared oximetry and 99mTc-HMPAO uptake in the resting peripheral muscle under normobaric normoxia and hypobaric hypoxia Marco Pagani, Ralf Ansjon, Folke Lind, Cathrine Jonsson, Johan Uusijarvi, Gamze Sumen, Hans Jacobsson, Stig A. Larsson. Proceedings of SPIE. 3194: 151-158, 1998
	Calf muscle blood flow and oxygen consumption measured with near infrared spectroscopy during venous occlusion. Paunescu, L.A., Casavola, C., Franceschini, M.A., Fantini, S., Winter, L., Kim, J., Wood, D., Gratton, E. SPIE Proc., Vol. 3597, (1999), pp. 317-323.
	Scattering coefficient-hemoglobin concentration relation determined by frequency-domain spectroscopy during venous occlusion. Paunescu, L.A., U. Wolf, M. Wolf, A. Michalos and E. Gratton. Optical Society of America Biomedical Topics: TuD2, 363-365, 2000
	Mapping of oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin changes of the human calf during venous occlusion. Wolf, U., M. Wolf, J.H. Choi, L.A. Paunescu, A. Michalos, V. Toronov and E. Gratton. Proc. 28th Ann Mtg International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue (ISOTT), Ed. B. Oeseburg, Pabst Sci Pub; p:5, 2000
	Mapping of hemodynamics on the human calf with near infrared spectroscopy and the influence of the adipose tissue thickness. Wolf, U., M. Wolf, J.H. Choi, L.A. Paunescu, L.P. Safonova, A. Michalos and E. Gratton. Adv Exp Med Biol 510: 225-230, 2003
	Spatial distribution of vastus lateralis blood flow and oxyhemoglobin saturation measured at the end of isometric quadriceps contraction by multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy. Quaresima V, Ferrari M, Franceschini MA, Hoimes ML, Fantini S. J Biomed. Optics 9(2): 413-20, 2004
	Microvascular dysfunction and skeletal muscle oxygenation assessed by phase-modulation near-infrared spectroscopy in patients with septic shock. De Blasi RA, Palmisani S, Alampi D, Mercieri M, Romano R, Collini S, Pinto G. Intensive Care Med. 2005 Dec;31(12):1661-8. Epub 2005 Oct 5. PMID: 16205889
	Effects of fibre orientation, myoglobin redox form, and postmortem storage on NIR tissue oximeter mearuments of beef longissimus muscle Mohan, A., Hunt, M.C., Barstow, T.J., Houser, T.A., Bopp, C., Hueber, D.M Meat Science 84 (2010) 79-85

Sport Medicine

	Acute supplementation of N-acetylcysteine does not affect muscle blood flow and oxygenation characteristics during handgrip exercise. Smith, J.R., Broxterman, R.M., Ade, C.J., Evans, K.K., Kurti, S.P., Hammer, S.M., Barstow, T.J., Harms, C.A. Physiol Rep. 2016 Apr;4(7). pii: e12748. doi: 10.14814/phy2.12748.
	The interrelationship between muscle oxygenation, muscle activation, and pulmonary oxygen uptake to incremental ramp exercise: influence of aerobic fitness. Boone, J., Barstow, T.J., Celie, B., Prieur, F., Bourgois, J. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016 Jan;41(1):55-62. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0261. Epub 2015 Oct 6.
	Discrepancy between femoral and capillary blood flow kinetics during knee extension exercise. Schlup, S.J., Ade, C.J., Broxterman, R.M., Barstow, T.J. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2015 Dec;219:69-77. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.08.005. Epub 2015 Aug 21.
	The effect of resting blood flow occlusion on exercise tolerance and W'. Broxterman, R.M., Craig, J.C., Ade, C.J., Wilcox, S.L., Barstow, T.J. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2015 Sep 15;309(6):R684-91. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00283.2015. Epub 2015 Jul 29.
	Influence of blood flow occlusion on the development of peripheral and central fatigue during small muscle mass handgrip exercise. Broxterman, R.M., Craig, J.C., Smith, J.R., Wilcox, S.L., Jia, C., Warren, S., Barstow, T.J. J Physiol. 2015 Sep 1;593(17):4043-54. doi: 10.1113/JP270424. Epub 2015 Aug 2.
	Influence of blood flow occlusion on muscle oxygenation characteristics and the parameters of the power-duration relationship. Broxterman, R.M., Ade, C.J., Craig, J.C., Wilcox, S.L., Schlup, S.J., Barstow, T.J. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015 Apr 1;118(7):880-9. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00875.2014. Epub 2015 Feb 5.
	The impact of pedal rate on muscle oxygenation, muscle activation and whole-body VO₂ during ramp exercise in healthy subjects. Boone, J., Barstow, T.J., Celie, B., Prieur, F., Bourgois, J. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2015 Jan;115(1):57-70. doi: 10.1007/s00421-014-2991-x. Epub 2014 Sep 10.
	Influence of duty cycle on the power-duration relationship: observations and potential mechanisms. Broxterman, R.M., Ade, C.J., Wilcox, S.L., Schlup, S.J., Craig, J.C., Barstow, T.J. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2014 Feb 1;192:102-11. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.11.010. Epub 2013 Dec 17.
	Relationship between brachial artery blood flow and total [hemoglobin+myoglobin] during post-occlusive reactive hyperemia. Bopp, C.M., Townsend, D.K., Warren, S., Barstow, T.J. Microvasc Res. 2014 Jan;91:37-43. doi: 10.1016/j.mvr.2013.10.004. Epub 2013 Nov 2.
	Forearm muscle oxygenation responses during and following arterial occlusion in patients with mitochondrial myopathy. Boone, J., Celie, B., Dumortier, J., Barstow, T.J., De Bleecker, J., Smet, J., Van Lander, A., Van Coster, R., Bourgois, J. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2014 Jan 1;190:70-5. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.09.007. Epub 2013 Sep 23.
	Pattern of deoxy{Hb + Mb} during ramp cycle exercise: Influence of aerobic fitness status. Boone, J, Koppo, K, Barstow, T, Bouckaert, J. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 105(6): 851-859, 2009
	Muscle microvascular hemoglobin concentration and oxygenation within the contraction-relaxation cycle Lutjemeier, B.J., Ferreira, L.F., Poole, D.C., Townsend, D., Barstow, T.J Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 160 (2008) 131-138
	Frequency Analysis of Muscle Contraction and NIRS Variables: Implications for Tissue Gas Exchange Lutjemeier, Barbara J.; Ferreira, Leonardo F.; Townsend, Dana K.; Barstow, Thomas J. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 38(5) Supplement: S248, 2006
	Human femoral artery and estimated muscle capillary blood flow kinetics following the onset of exercise. Harper AJ, Ferreira LF, Lutjemeier BJ, Townsend DK, Barstow TJ. Exp Physiol. 2006 Jul;91(4):661-71. Epub 2006 Mar 23. PMID: 16556660
	Effects of pedal frequency on estimated muscle microvascular O2 extraction. Ferreira LF, Lutjemeier BJ, Townsend DK, Barstow TJ. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006 Mar;96(5):558-63. Epub 2005 Dec 21. PMID: 16369819
	Kinetics of restoration of arteriolar tone after exercise. Barstow TJ, Lutjemeier BJ, Ferreira LF. J Appl Physiol. 2005 Aug;99(2):775. No abstract available. PMID: 16020445
	Kinetics of estimated human muscle capillary blood flow during recovery from exercise. Ferreira LF, Harper AJ, Townsend DK, Lutjemeier BJ, Barstow TJ. Exp Physiol. 2005 Sep;90(5):715-26. Epub 2005 May 20. PMID: 15908509
	Dynamics of skeletal muscle oxygenation during sequential bouts of moderate exercise. Ferreira LF, Lutjemeier BJ, Townsend DK, Barstow TJ. Exp Physiol. 2005 May;90(3):393-401. Epub 2005 Feb 11. PMID: 15708875
	Muscle contraction-blood flow interactions during upright knee extension exercise in humans. Lutjemeier BJ, Miura A, Scheuermann BW, Koga S, Townsend DK, Barstow TJ. J Appl Physiol. 2005 Apr;98(4):1575-83. Epub 2004 Nov 19. PMID: 15557016
	Muscle capillary blood flow kinetics estimated from pulmonary O2 uptake and near-infrared spectroscopy. Ferreira LF, Townsend DK, Lutjemeier BJ, Barstow TJ. J Appl Physiol. 2005 May;98(5):1820-8. Epub 2005 Jan 7. PMID: 15640391
	Muscle Oxygenation during Incremental Exercise and Recovery: Implications of Assuming Constant Scattering Ferreira, Leonardo Franklin; Hueber, Dennis M.; Lutjemeier, Barbara J.; Townsend, Dana K.; Barstow, Thomas Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 37(5) Supplement May 2005 p S361
	The Influence of Adipose Tissue Thickness on Near-Infrared Spectrometry during Intra-contraction Knee Extension Exercise Townsend, Dana; Ferreira, Leonardo; Lutjemeier, Barbara; Barstow, Thomas Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 36(5) Supplement May 2004 p S23
	Differences in the oxygenation of the forearm muscle during isometric contraction in trained and untrained subjects. Usaj A. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 7(2):375-7, 2002
	The endurance training effect on the oxygenation status of an isometrically contracted forearm muscle Anton Usaj Pflügers Archiv European Journal of Physiology 442 (7): r155-r156, 2001

Animal Studies

	Lagged covariance structure models for studying functional connectivity in the brain E. Rykhlevskaia, M. Fabiani, and G. Gratton NeuroImage, 30, 1203-1218 (2006).
	Near-infrared frequency-domain optical spectrometry (NIRS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): a combined approach to studying cerebral maturation of neonatal rabbits. D'Arceuil HE, Hotakainen MP, Liu C, Themelis G, deCrespigny AJ, Franceschini MA. Journal of Biomedical Optics 10(1): 011011. 2005.
	Human arginase II: crystal structure and physiological role in male and female sexual arousal. Cama E, Colleluori DM, Emig FA, Shin H, Kim SW, Kim NN, Traish AM, Ash DE, Christianson DW. Biochemistry. 2003 Jul 22;42(28):8445-51. PMID: 12859189
	Near-Infrared Spiroximetry: Non-Invasive Measurement of Venous Saturation in Piglets and Human Subjects. M. A. Franceschini, D. A. Boas, A. Zourabian, S. G. Diamond, S. Nadgir, D. W. Lin, J. B. Moore, and S. Fantini, J. Appl. Physiol. 92: 2-384, 2002.
	Hemodynamic evaluation of the female sexual arousal response in an animal model. Min K, Munarriz R, Berman J, Kim NN, Goldstein I, Traish AM, Stankovic MR. J Sex Marital Ther. 2001 Oct-Dec;27(5):557-65. PMID: 11554219
	Role of frequency domain optical spectroscopy in the detection of neonatal brain hemorrhage - A newborn piglet study. Stankovic, MR., Maulik D., Rosenfeld, W., Stubblefield, PG., Kofinas, AD., Gratton, E., Franceschini, MA., Fantini, S., and Hueber, D. J Matern. Fetal Med. 9: 2-149, 2000.
	Non-invasive optical mapping of the piglet brain in real time. S. Fantini, M.A. Franceschini, E. Gratton, D. Hueber, W. Rosenfeld, D. Maulik, P. Stubblefield, M.R. Stankovic; Optics Express. 4(8), 308-314, 1999.
	Non-Invasive Optical Monitoring of the Newborn Piglet Brain Using Continuous-Wave and Frequency-Domain Methods S. Fantini, D. Hueber, M. A. Franceschini, E. Gratton, W. Rosenfeld, P. G. Stubblefield, D. Maulik, and M. R. Stankovic. Phys. Med. Biol. 44:1543-1563, 1999

Food Science

	Effects of fibre orientation, myoglobin redox form, and postmortem storage on NIR tissue oximeter measurements of beef longissimus muscle. Mohan, A., Hunt, M.C., Barstow, T.J., Houser, T.A., Bopp, C., Hueber, D.M. Meat Sci. 2010 Jan;84(1):79-85. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.08.024. Epub 2009 Aug 14.
	Near-infrared oximetry of three post-rigor skeletal muscles for following myoglobin redox forms Mohan, A, Hunt, M.c., Barstow, T.J., Houser, T.A., Hueber, D.M. Food Chemistry 2010 Vol.123 No.2 pp.456-464 ref.28.

Instrumentation and Methods

	A Brief Review on the History of Human Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Development and Fields of Application Ferrari, M., and Quaresima, V. NeuroImage, 2012.
	Modulation of an optical needle's reflectivity alters the average photon path through scattering media Paul Simonson, Enrico D'Amico, and Enrico Gratton J. Biomed. Opt. 11(1): 14023-31, 2006
	Absolute Near-Infrared Brain Oximeter.  Michalos A, Gupta R, Safonova LP, Lera M, Olopade CO, Mantulin WW, Hueber DM, Barbieri B, Picchietti D, Greeley D, Gratton E. 7th Annual NIH SBIR/STTR Conference. July 28-29, 2005
	Multi-source phased-array approach to improve the spatial resolution in frequency-domain diffuse optical imaging Ning Liu   Zucker, M.   Fantini, S. Lasers and Electro-Optics May 2004 Volume: 2,  3 pp.
	Optical measurements of absorption changes in two-layered diffusive media F. Fabbri, A. Sassaroli, M. E. Henry, and S. Fantini. Phys. Med. Biol. 49: 1183-1201, 2004
	Noninvasive determination of the optical properties of adult brain: Near infrared spectroscopy approach. Jee Hyun Choi, Martin Wolf, Vlad Toronov, Ursula Wolf, Chiara Polzonetti, Dennis Hueber, Larisa P. Safonova, Rajarsi Gupta, Antonios Michalos, William Mantulin, and Enrico Gratton. J Biomed Opt. 9(1): 221-9, 2004
	Absolute frequency-domain pulse oximetry of the brain: Methodology and measurements. Wolf, M., M.A.  Franceschini, L.A. Paunescu, V. Toronov,   A. Michalos, U. Wolf, E. Gratton and S. Fantini. Adv Exp Med Biol 530: 61-73, 2003
	In vitro correlation between reduced scattering coefficient and hemoglobin of human blood determined by near-infrared spectroscopy Paunescu, L.A., A. Michalos, J. H. Choi, U. Wolf, M. Wolf and E. Gratton. SPIE Proc. 4250: 319-326, 2001
	Noninvasive optical method of measuring tissue and arterial saturation: an application to absolute pulse oximetry of the brain. M. A. Franceschini, E. Gratton, and S. Fantini Opt. Lett. 24: 829-83, 1999
	Near infrared absorption and scattering spectra of tissues in vivo. Franceschini, M.A., Gratton, E., Hueber, D., and Fantini, S. SPIE Proc., Vol. 3597, (1999), pp. 526-531.
	Near infrared spectroscopy and the tilting table protocol: a novel method to study the blood flow and the oxygen consumption in tissues. Casavola, C., Paunescu, L.A., Franceschini, M.A., Fantini, S., Winter, L., Kim, J., Wood, D., Gratton, E. Proc. Of SPIE, Vol. 3597, (1999), pp. 685-692.
	New optical probe designs for absolute self calibrating NIR tissue hemoglobin measurements. Hueber, D., Fantini, S., Cerussi, A., and Barbieri, B. Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 3597, (1999), pp. 618-631.
	Frequency-Domain Optical Measurements in Vitro on Two- and Three-Layered Tissue-Like Phantoms and in Vivo on Infant Heads M. A. Franceschini, A. Paunescu, S. Fantini, S. Pratesi, J. S. Maier, G. P. Donzelli, and E. Gratton. OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics on Advances in Optical Imaging and Photon Migration, J. G. Fujimoto and M. Patterson, eds., (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC 1998), Vol XXI, pp. 232-236.
	Influence of a superficial layer in the quantitative spectroscopic study of strongly scattering media. Franceschini, M.A., Fantini, S., Paunescu, L.A., Maier, J., and Gratton, E. Applied Optics, Vol. 37, No. 1, (1998), pp. 7447-7458.
	Quantitative spectroscopic determination of hemoglobin concentration and saturation in a turbid medium: analysis of the effect of water absorption. Franceschini, M. A., Fantini, S., Cerussi, A., Barbieri, B., Chance B., and Gratton, E. J. of Biomed. Opt., Vol. 2, (1997), pp. 147-153.
	Optical Study of the skeletal muscle during exercise with a second generation frequency-domain tissue oximeter. Franceschini, M. A., Wallace, D., Barbieri, B., Fantini, S., Mantulin, W.W., Pratesi S., Donzelli, G.P., and Gratton, E. Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 2979, (1997), pp. 807-814.
	Frequency-domain multichannel optical detector for non-invasive tissue spectroscopy and oximetry. Fantini, S., Franceschini, M.A., Maier, J.S., Walker, S.A., Barbieri, B., and Gratton, E. Opt. Eng. 34: 32-42, 1995
	Frequency-Domain Method for Determining Spectral Properties in Multiply Scattering Media: Methemoglobin Absorption Spectrum in a Tissue-Like Phantom. Fishkin JB, So PTC, Cerussi AE, Fantini S, Franceschini MA, and Gratton E. Appl Opt 34: 1143- 1155, 1995
	Semi- Infinite-Geometry Boundary Problem for Light Migration in Highly Scattering Media: a Frequency- Domain Study in the Diffusion Approximation. Fantini S, Franceschini MA, and Gratton E. B11: 2128-2138, 1994
	Possible Correlation between Blood Glucose Concentration and Reduced Scattering Coefficient of Tissues in the Near-Infrared. Maier JS, Walker SA, Fantini S, Franceschini MA and Gratton E. Opt Lett 19: 2062-2064, 1994
	Quantitative determination of the absorption spectra of chromophores in strongly scattering media: a light-emitting-diode based technique. Fantini, S., Franceschini, M.A., Fishkin, J.B., Barbieri, B., and Gratton, E. Applied Optics 33: 5204-5213, 1994
	Feasibility of intracranial near-infrared optical scanning. Gratton G, Maier JS, Fabiani M, Mantulin WW, Gratton E. Psychophysiology. 1994 Mar;31(2):211-5. PMID: 8153259