Overview of OxiplexTS
OxiplexTS is a revolutionary new device allowing for the absolute measurement of oxygenated and de-oxygenated hemoglobin concentrations in tissue. The device works by emitting Near Infrared (NIR) light into tissue at known distances from a collector. Low intensity light at two different wavelengths is modulated at an RF frequency of 110 MHz. The collected light is measured and processed, and the optical parameters (absorption and scattering coefficients) of the tissue (brain or muscle) are determined. Once the absorption and scattering are determined, the oxygenated and de-oxygenated hemoglobin concentrations are calculated, and, hence, the oxygen saturation.
The unique feature of the ISS OxiplexTS is the application of the theory photon migration through highly scattering that allows for the absolute measurement of the optical parameters of a highly scattering and absorption medium such as human tissue.
Since OxiplexTS measures the absorption and scattering of tissues directly, it does not require any calibration, estimation, or assumption about scattering in order to make an accurate measurement of absorption and, hence, hemoglobin concentrations. This unique ability to separate scattering from absorption sets the ISS OxiplexTS above all other NIR tissue oximeter technologies.
Notice: Investigational device. Limited by Federal (or United States) law to investigational use. The ISS OxiplexTS is presently used for research only.
Key Features of OxiplexTS
Fast Measurements Up to 50 Hz
Absolute Measurements without Assumptions
Separate Readings for Oxygenated & Deoxygenated Hemoglobin Concentrations
Applications of OxiplexTS
Several areas may benefit from the monitoring of the absolute values of tissue oxygenation, especially when pulse oximetry is not applicable because of the irregularity, or the lack of, the heartbeat, and in all the cases where the tissue oxygenation, and not the arterial oxygen saturation, is the parameter of interest. Therefore, the applications of the OxiplexTS include but are not limited to:
- Peripheral Vascular Disease
- Monitoring Brain Oxygenation in OR/ER/ICU
- Anesthesiology
- Cardiothoracic & Vascular Surgery
- Neurosurgery
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Sleep Studies
- Women's Health and Obstetrics
- Neonatal Applications
- Premature Infant Intensive Care
- Hemodynamic stress monitoring
- Ergonomics
- Sport Medicine and Kinesiology
- High altitude physiology
- Tissue Oxygenation in Hyperbaric Chambers
Product Specifications for OxiplexTS
Method of Operation
- Frequency domain - multiple distance
Modulation Frequency
- 110 MHz
Measurements
- Tissue oxygen saturation
- Oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin concentration
- Total hemoglobin concentration
- Absorption coefficient
- Reduced scattering coefficient
- Intensity and phase
Light Sources
- 8 laser diodes emitting at 690 nm
- 8 laser diodes emitting at 830 nm
- Laser diodes are time multiplexed
- Custom wavelengths available
Light Detectors
- Photomultiplier tubes
- Computer-controlled bias voltage (Gain)
- Automatic safety shutdown
Average Optical Power
- Less than 1 mW
Number of Measurement Channels
- 2
Sensors
- All fiber optics sensors
- Several sensor types for different applications
- Fiber length up to 10 m
- MRI compatible sensors available upon request
Spatial Resolution
- 4 Emitter-Detector distances per sensor
Data Acquisition Rate
- From 20 ms to minutes
Maximum Experiment Duration
- Up to several days (250,000 points)
Connection to External Computer
- USB
Operating System
- Windows 11
Dimensions (cm)
- 28.9 x 14.6 x 36.2
Weight (kg)
- 5.4
Power Requirements
- 110 - 240 V; 50/60 Hz
Sampling Rate
- Up to 50 Hz
Product Accessories for OxiplexTS
Product Resources
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“Is Outcome in Neurosurgery Related to Brain Hypoxia?” Baughman, V.L., Paisansathan, O., Hoffman, W.E., Gatto, R., Charbel, F. Proceedings of American Society of Anesthesiology: A55: October 14-18, 2006.
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“Hemodynamic Changes Associated with Lateralized Periodic Discharges: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Continuous EEG Study.” Winslow, N., George, M., Michalos, A., Wang, H., Ergene, E. & Xu, M. Neurocritical Care, 35(1), pp. 153–161, 2020, Dec. doi: 10.1007/s12028-020-01154-4.
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“Studying cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism using simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy and transcranial Doppler ultrasound: a hyperventilation and caffeine study.” Yang, R., Brugniaux, J., Dhaliwal, H., Beaudin, A.E., Eliasziw, M., Poulin, M.J. & Dunn, J.F. Physiological Reports, 3(4), p. e12378, 2015, Apr. doi: 10.14814/phy2.12378.
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“Reduced cortical microvascular oxygenation in multiple sclerosis: a blinded, case-controlled study using a novel quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy method.” Yang, R. & Dunn, J.F. Physiological Reports, 5(1), p. e12378, 2015, Nov. doi: 10.1038/srep16477.
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“Noninvasive monitoring of red blood cell transfusion in very low birthweight infants using diffuse optical spectroscopy.” Cerussi, A., Woerkom, R.V., Waffarn, F. & Tromberg, B. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 10(5), p. 051401, 2005, Mar. doi: 10.1117/1.2080102.
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“Transcranial Doppler and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Can Evaluate the Hemodynamic Effect of Carotid Artery Occlusion.” Vernieri, F., Tibuzzi, F., Pasqualetti, P., Rosato, N., Passarelli, F., Rossini, P.M. & Silvestrini, M. Stroke, 35(1), pp. 64–70, 2004, Jan. doi: 10.1161/01.str.0000106486.26626.e2.
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“Different Time Evolution of Oxyhemoglobin and Deoxyhemoglobin Concentration Changes in the Visual and Motor Cortices during Functional Stimulation: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study.” Wolf, M., Wolf, U., Toronov, V., Michalos, A., Paunescu, L., Choi, J.H. & Gratton, E. NeuroImage, 16(3), pp. 704–712, 2002, Jul. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2002.1128.
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“Study of local cerebral hemodynamics by frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy and correlation with simultaneously acquired functional magnetic resonance imaging.” Toronov, V., Webb, A., Choi, J.H., Wolf, M., Safonova, L., Wolf, U. & Gratton, E. Optics Express, 9(8), p. 417, 2001, Oct. doi: 10.1364/oe.9.000417.
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“Non-invasive and quantitative near-infrared haemoglobin spectrometry in the piglet brain during hypoxic stress, using a frequency-domain multidistance instrument.” Hueber, D.M., Franceschini, M.A., Ma, H.Y., Zhang, Q., Ballesteros, J.R., Fantini, S., Wallace, D., Ntziachristos, V. & Chance, B. Biomedical Optics Express, 46(1), pp. 41–62, 2000, Nov. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/46/1/304.
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“Near-infrared study of fluctuations in cerebral hemodynamics during rest and motor stimulation: Temporal analysis and spatial mapping.” Toronov, V., Franceschini, M.A., Filiaci, M., Fantini, S., Wolf, M., Michalos, A. & Gratton, E. Medical Physics, 27(4), pp. 801–815, 2000, Apr. doi: 10.1118/1.598943.
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“Maps of cerebral hemoglobin concentration changes obtained by near-infrared spectroscopy. Characterization of phase shifts among locations.” Wolf, M., Toronov, V., Wolf, U., Paunescu, L.A., Michalos, A. & Gratton, E. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 157(2), pp. 274–277, 2000, Oct. doi: 10.1364/bosd.2000.tuf6.
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“Cerebral Hemodynamics Measured by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy at Rest and During Motor Activation.” Franceschini, M.A., Fantini, S., Toronov, V., Filiaci, M.E., Gratton, E. Proceedings of Inter-Institute Workshop on In Vivo Optical Imaging at the NIH Technical Digest Series (Optica Publishing Group, 1999), paper DIS73
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“Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Transcranial Doppler in Monohemispheric Stroke.” Vernieri, F., Rosato, N., Pauri, F., Tibuzzi, F., Passarelli, F. & Rossini, P. European Neurology, 41(3), pp. 159–162, 1999, Apr. doi: 10.1159/000008041.
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“Measurements of scattering and absorption changes in muscle and brain.” Gratton, E., Fantini, S., Franceschini, M.A., Gratton, G. & Fabiani, M. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 352(1354), pp. 727–735, 1997, Jun. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1997.0055.
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“Brain Oxygenation Monitoring during Cardiopulmonary Bypass by Near Infrared Spectroscopy.” Blasi, R.A.D., Almenräder, N. & Ferrari, M. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 352(1354), pp. 97–104, 1997, Jun. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-0056-2_11.
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“Cerebral and muscle oxygen saturation measurement by a frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopic technique.” Ferrari, M., De Blasi, R.A., Fantini, S., Franceschini, M.A., & Barbieri, B.F. Proceedings of SPIE - the International Society for Optical Engineering, 2389, pp. 868–875, 1995.
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“Cerebral and muscle oxygen saturation measurement by frequency-domain near-infra-red spectrometer.” Blasi, R.A.D., Fantini, S., Franceschini, M.A., Ferrari, M. & Gratton, E. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 33(2), pp. 228–230, 1995, Mar. doi: 10.1007/bf02523048.
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“Cerebral hemodynamic and oxygenation changes induced by inner and heard speech: a study combining functional near-infrared spectroscopy and capnography.” Scholkmann, F., Klein, S.D., Gerber, U., Wolf, M. & Wolf, U. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 19(1), p. 017002, 2014, Jan. doi: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.1.017002.
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“The Effect of Inner Speech on Arterial CO2 and Cerebral Hemodynamics and Oxygenation: A Functional NIRS Study.” Scholkmann, F., Wolf, M. & Wolf, U. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 19(1), pp. 81–87, 2013, Jan. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7411-1_12.
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“Detection of motor execution using a hybrid fNIRS-biosignal BCI: a feasibility study.” Zimmermann, R., Marchal-Crespo, L., Edelmann, J., Lambercy, O., Fluet, M.-C., Riener, R., Wolf, M. & Gassert, R. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 10(1), p. 4, 2013, Jan. doi: 10.1186/1743-0003-10-4.
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“Assessment of intermittent UMTS electromagnetic field effects on blood circulation in the human auditory region using a near-infrared system.” Spichtig, S., Scholkmann, F., Chin, L., Lehmann, H. & Wolf, M. Bioelectromagnetics, 33(1), pp. 40–54, 2011, Jun. doi: 10.1002/bem.20682.
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“Assessment of Potential Short-Term Effects of Intermittent UMTS Electromagnetic Fields on Blood Circulation in an Exploratory Study, Using Near-Infrared Imaging.” Spichtig, S., Scholkmann, F., Chin, L., Lehmann, H. & Wolf, M. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 10(1), pp. 83–88, 2011, Nov. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1566-4_13.
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“Different Time Evolution of Oxyhemoglobin and Deoxyhemoglobin Concentration Changes in the Visual and Motor Cortices during Functional Stimulation: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study.” Wolf, M., Wolf, U., Toronov, V., Michalos, A., Paunescu, L., Choi, J.H. & Gratton, E. NeuroImage, 16(3), pp. 704–712, 2002, Jul. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2002.1128.
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“Functional Frequency-Domain Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Detects Fast Neuronal Signal in the Motor Cortex.” Wolf, M., Wolf, U., Choi, J.H., Gupta, R., Safonova, L.P., Paunescu, L.A., Michalos, A., & Gratton, E. NeuroImage, 17(4), pp. 1868–1875, 2002, Dec. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2002.1261.
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“Real-time optical imaging and spectroscopy of brain ischemia and hemorrhage.” Stankovic, M.R., Hueber, D.M., Maulik, D., Stubblefield, P.G., Rosenfeld, W., Gratton, E., Franceschini, M.-A. & Fantini, S. NeuroImage, 10(5), pp. 620–624, 1999, Jul. doi: 10.1117/12.356808.
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“RAPID COMMUNICATION Scalp-Recorded Optical Signals Make Sound Processing in the Auditory Cortex Visible?” Rinne, T., Gratton, G., Fabiani, M., Cowan, N., Maclin, E., Stinard, A., Sinkkonen, J., Alho, K. & Näätänen, R. NeuroImage, 10(5), pp. 620–624, 1999, Nov. doi: 10.1006/nimg.1999.0495.
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“Real-time optical imaging of experimental brain ischemia and hemorrhage in neonatal piglets.” Stankovic, M.R., Maulik, D., Rosenfeld, W., Stubblefield, P.G., Kofinas, A.D., Drexler, S., Nair, R., Franceschini, M.A., Hueber, D., Gratton, E. & Fantini, S. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 27(4), pp. 279–286, 1999, Jan. doi: 10.1515/jpm.1999.039.
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“Noninvasive Detection of Fast Signals from the Cortex Using Frequency-Domain Optical Methods.” Gratton, G., Fabiani, M., Corballis, P.M. & Gratton, E. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 820(1 Imaging Brain), pp. 286–299, 1997, May. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb46202.x.
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“Can We Measure Correlates of Neuronal Activity with Non-Invasive Optical Methods.” Gratton, G., Fabiani, M. & Corballis, P.M. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 820(1 Imaging Brain), pp. 53–62, 1997, May. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-0056-2_6.
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“Noninvasive near infrared optical imaging of human brain function with subsecond temporal resolution.” Fabiani, M., Gratton, G., & Corballis, P.M. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 1(4), p. 387, 1996, Jan. doi: 10.1117/12.251031.
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“Shades of gray matter: Noninvasive optical images of human brain reponses during visual stimulation.” Gratton, G., Corballis, P.M., Cho, E., Fabiani, M. & Hood, D.C. Psychophysiology, 32(5), pp. 505–509, 1995, Sep. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1995.tb02102.x.
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“Rapid Changes of Optical Parameters in the Human Brain During a Tapping Task.” Gratton, G., Fabiani, M., Friedman, D., Franceschini, M.A., Fantini, S., Corballis, P. & Gratton, E. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 7(4), pp. 446–456, 1995, May. doi: 10.1162/jocn.1995.7.4.446.
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“Feasibility of intracranial near-infrared optical scanning.” Gratton, G., Maier, J.S., Fabiani, M., Mantulin, W.W. & Gratton, E. Psychophysiology, 31(2), pp. 211–215, 1994, Mar. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb01043.x.
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“The occurrence of individual slow waves in sleep is predicted by heart rate.” Mensen, A., Zhang, Z., Qi, M. & Khatami, R. Scientific Reports, 6(1), pp. 48–53, 2016, Jul. doi: 10.1038/srep29671.
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“Age-correlated changes in cerebral hemodynamics assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy.” Safonova, L.P., Michalos, A., Wolf, U., Wolf, M., Hueber, D.M., Choi, J.H., Gupta, R., Polzonetti, C., Mantulin, W.W. & Gratton, E. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 39(3), pp. 207–225, 2004, Nov. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2004.03.007.
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“Near-infrared spectroscopy and polysomnography during all-night sleep in human subjects.” Fantini, S., Aggarwal, P., Chen, K., Franceschini, M.A. & Ehrenberg, B.L. Proc. SPIE, 5068, 2003, Oct. doi: 10.1117/12.518756.
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“Near-infrared spectroscopy for the assessment of vascular responsiveness of the brain: A screening method for cerebrovascular morbidity in obstructive sleep apnea.” Michalos, A., Olopade, C.O., & Choi, J.H. Sleep, 26(0983.R):A390, 2003, Jan.
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“Reduced cerebral hemodynamic response in sleep disorders: A NIRS frequency-domain study.” Michalos, A., Safonova, L.P., Hueber, D.M., Wolf, U., Wolf, M., Choi, J.H., Gupta, R., Polzonetti, C., Barbieri, B., Mantulin, W.W. & Gratton, E. Optical Society of America, Biomedical Topics, MA1, 2002, Oct. doi: 10.1364/bio.2002.ma1.
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“Assessment of cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.” Michalos, A., Paunescu, L., Wolf, M., Wolf, U., Toronov, V., Franceschini, M., Fantini, S. & Gratton, E. Optical Society of America Biomedical Topics, SuH16, pp. 163 - 165, 2000, Nov. doi: 10.1364/bosd.2000.suh16.
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“Localized irregularities in hemoglobin flow and oxygenation in calf muscle in patients with peripheral vascular disease detected with near-infrared spectrophotometry.” Wolf, U., Wolf, M., Choi, J.H., Levi, M., Choudhury, D., Hull, S., Coussirat, D., Paunescu, L., Safonova, L.P., Michalos, A., Mantulin, W.W. & Gratton, E. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 37(5), pp. 1017–1026, 2003, May. doi: 10.1067/mva.2003.214.
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“Results of a 95-subject human clinical trial for the diagnosis of peripheral vascular disease using a near-infrared frequency domain hemoglobin spectrometer.” Wallace, D.J., Michener, B., Choudhury, D., Levi, M., Fennelly, P., Hueber, D.M. & Barbieri, B.B. Event: BiOS '99 International Biomedical Optics Symposium, 1999. doi: 10.1117/12.356821.
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“Near-infrared spectroscopy in the evaluation of lower limb ischemia in hemodialysis patients.” Choudhury, D., Michener, B., Fennelly, P. & Levi, M. Journal for Vascular Ultrasound, 23(1), pp. 21–23, 1999, Apr.
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“Quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy on patients with peripheral vascular disease.” Franceschini, M.-A., Fantini, S., Palumbo, R., Pasqualini, L., Vaudo, G., Franceschini, E., Gratton, E., Palumbo, B., Innocente, S. & Mannarino, E. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 37(5), pp. 1017–1026, 1998, Jan. doi: 10.1117/12.301041.
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“Lagged covariance structure models for studying functional connectivity in the brain.” Rykhlevskaia, E., Fabiani, M. & Gratton, G. NeuroImage, 30(4), pp. 1203–1218, 2006, May. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.019.
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“Near-infrared frequency-domain optical spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging: a combined approach to studying cerebral maturation in neonatal rabbits.” D'Arceuil, H.E., Hotakainen, M.P., Liu, C., Themelis, G., Crespigny, A.J.d. & Franceschini, M.A. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 10(1), p. 011011, 2005, May. doi: 10.1117/1.1852554.
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“Human Arginase II: Crystal Structure and Physiological Role in Male and Female Sexual Arousal.” Cama, E., Colleluori, D.M., Emig, F.A., Shin, H., Kim, S.W., Kim, N.N., Traish, A.M., Ash, D.E. & Christianson, D.W. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 42(28), pp. 8445–8451, 2003, Jun. doi: 10.1021/bi034340j.
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“Near-infrared spiroximetry: noninvasive measurements of venous saturation in piglets and human subjects.” Franceschini, M.A., Boas, D.A., Zourabian, A., Diamond, S.G., Nadgir, S., Lin, D.W., Moore, J.B. & Fantini, S. Journal of Applied Physiology, 92(1), pp. 372–384, 2002, Jan. doi: 10.1152/jappl.2002.92.1.372.
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“Hemodynamic Evaluation of the Female Sexual Arousal Response in an Animal Model.” Min, K., Munarriz, R., Berman, J., Kim, N.N., Goldstein, I., Traish, A.M. & Stankovic, M.R. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 27(5), pp. 557–565, 2001, Oct. doi: 10.1080/713846801.
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“Role of frequency domain optical spectroscopy in the detection of neonatal brain hemorrhage - A newborn piglet study.” Stankovic, M.R., Maulik, D., Rosenfeld, W., Stubblefield, P.G., Kofinas, A.D., Gratton, E., Franceschini, M.A., Fantini, S. & Hueber, D.M. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, 9(2), pp. 142–149, 2000, Mar. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6661(200003/04)9:2<142::aid-mfm11>3.0.co;2-o.
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“Non-invasive optical monitoring of the newborn piglet brain using continuous-wave and frequency-domain spectroscopy.” Fantini, S., Hueber, D., Franceschini, M.A., Gratton, E., Rosenfeld, W., Stubblefield, P.G., Maulik, D. & Stankovic, M.R. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 44(6), pp. 1543–1563, 1999, Jan. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/44/6/308.
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“Non-invasive optical mapping of the piglet brain in real time.” Fantini, S., Franceschini, M.A., Gratton, E., Hueber, D., Rosenfeld, W., Maulik, D., Stubblefield, P.G. & Stankovic, M.R. Optics Express, 4(8), p. 308, 1999, Apr. doi: 10.1364/oe.4.000308.
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“A brief review on the history of human functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) development and fields of application.” Ferrari, M. & Quaresima, V. NeuroImage, 63(2), pp. 921–935, 2012, Nov. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.049.
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“Modulation of an optical needle's reflectivity alters the average photon path through scattering media.” Simonson, P., D'Amico, E. & Gratton, E. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 11(1), p. 014023, 2006, Nov. doi: 10.1117/1.2168167.
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“Optical measurements of absorption changes in two-layered diffusive media.” Fabbri, F., Sassaroli, A., Henry, M.E. & Fantini, S. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 49(7), pp. 1183–1201, 2004, Mar. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/49/7/007.
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“Noninvasive determination of the optical properties of adult brain: near-infrared spectroscopy approach.” Choi, J., Wolf, M., Toronov, V., Wolf, U., Polzonetti, C., Hueber, D., Safonova, L.P., Gupta, R., Michalos, A., Mantulin, W. & Gratton, E. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 9(1), p. 221, 2004, Mar. doi: 10.1117/1.1628242.
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“Multi-source phased-array approach to improve the spatial resolution in frequency-domain diffuse optical imaging.” Liu, N., Zucker., M. & Fantini, S. Journal of Applied Physiology, 2, p. 3, 2004, Apr.
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“Absolute Frequency-Domain Pulse Oximetry of the Brain: Methodology and Measurements.” Wolf, M., Franceschini, M.A., Paunescu, L.A., Toronov, V., Michalos, A., Wolf, U., Gratton, E. & Fantini, S. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 9(1), pp. 61–73, 2003, Mar. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0075-9_7.
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“In-vitro correlation between reduced scattering coefficient and hemoglobin concentration of human blood determined by near-infrared spectroscopy.” Paunescu, L.A., Michalos, A., Choi, J.H., Wolf, U., Wolf, M. & Gratton, E. Journal of Applied Physiology, 2, p. 3, 2001, Jun. doi: 10.1117/12.434505.
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“Noninvasive optical method of measuring tissue and arterial saturation: an application to absolute pulse oximetry of the brain.” Franceschini, M.A., Gratton, E. & Fantini, S. Optics Letters, 24(12), p. 829, 1999, Jun. doi: 10.1364/ol.24.000829.
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“New optical probe designs for absolute (self-calibrating) NIR tissue hemoglobin measurements.” Hueber, D.M., Fantini, S., Cerussi, A.E. & Barbieri, B.B. Proc. SPIE, 3597, 1999, Jul. doi: 10.1117/12.356784.
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“Near-infrared absorption and scattering spectra of tissues in vivo.” Franceschini, M.-A., Gratton, E., Hueber, D.M. & Fantini, S. Journal of Applied Physiology, 2, p. 3, 1999, Jul. doi: 10.1117/12.356854.
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“Near-infrared spectroscopy and the tilting table protocol: a novel method to study the blood flow and the oxygen consumption in tissues.” Casavola, C., Paunescu, L.A., Franceschini, M.-A., Fantini, S., Winter, L., Kim, J., Wood, D. & Gratton, E. SPIE Conference on Optical Tomography and Spectroscopy of Tissue Ill, 3597, 1999, Jul. doi: 10.1117/12.356789.
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“Influence of a superficial layer in the quantitative spectroscopic study of strongly scattering media.” Franceschini, M.A., Fantini, S., Paunescu, L.A., Maier, J.S. & Gratton, E. Applied Optics, 37(31), p. 7447, 1998, Nov. doi: 10.1364/ao.37.007447.
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“Frequency-Domain Optical Measurements in Vitro on Two- and Three-Layered Tissue-Like Phantoms, and in Vivo on Infant Heads.” Franceschini, M.A., Paunescu, L.A., Fantini, S., Pratesi, S., Maier, J.S., Donzelli, G.P. & Gratton, E. Advances in Optical Imaging and Photon Migration, 11, pp. 232 - 236, 1998, Mar. doi: 10.1364/aoipm.1998.asub3.
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“Quantitative spectroscopic determination of hemoglobin concentration and saturation in a turbid medium: analysis of the effect of water absorption.” Franceschini, M.-A. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 2(2), p. 147, 1997, Nov. doi: 10.1117/12.262145.
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“Optical study of the skeletal muscle during exercise with a second-generation frequency-domain tissue oximeter.” Franceschini, M.-A., Wallace, D.J., Barbieri, B.B., Fantini, S., Mantulin, W.W., Pratesi, S., Donzelli, G.P. & Gratton, E. Proceedings of the SPIE, 2979, pp. 807 - 814, 1997, Aug. doi: 10.1117/12.280229.
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“Frequency-domain method for measuring spectral properties in multiple-scattering media: methemoglobin absorption spectrum in a tissuelike phantom.” Fishkin, J.B., So, P.T.C., Cerussi, A.E., Fantini, S., Franceschini, M.A. & Gratton, E. Applied Optics, 34(7), p. 1143, 1995, Mar. doi: 10.1364/ao.34.001143.
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“Frequency-domain multichannel optical detector for noninvasive tissue spectroscopy and oximetry.” Fantini, S., Franceschini, M.A., Maier, J.S., Walker, S.A., Barbieri, B., & Gratton, E. Optical Engineering, 34(1), p. 32, 1995, Jan. doi: 10.1117/12.183988.
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“Feasibility of intracranial near-infrared optical scanning.” Gratton, G., Maier, J.S., Fabiani, M., Mantulin, W.W. & Gratton, E. Psychophysiology, 31(2), pp. 211–215, 1994, Mar. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb01043.x.
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“Possible correlation between blood glucose concentration and the reduced scattering coefficient of tissues in the near infrared.” Maier, J.S., Walker, S.A., Fantini, S., Franceschini, M.A. & Gratton, E. Optics Letters, 19(24), p. 2062, 1994, Dec. doi: 10.1364/ol.19.002062.
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“Quantitative determination of the absorption spectra of chromophores in strongly scattering media: a light-emitting-diode based technique.” Fantini, S., Franceschini, M.A., Fishkin, J.B., Barbieri, B. & Gratton, E. Applied Optics, 33(22), p. 5204, 1994, Aug. doi: 10.1364/ao.33.005204.
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“Semi-infinite-geometry boundary problem for light migration in highly scattering media: a frequency-domain study in the diffusion approximation.” Fantini, S., Franceschini, M.A. & Gratton, E. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 11(10), pp. 2128 - 2138, 1994, Oct. doi: 10.1364/josab.11.002128.
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“Effects of fibre orientation, myoglobin redox form, and postmortem storage on NIR tissue oximeter measurements of beef longissimus muscl.” Mohan, A., Hunt, M., Barstow, T., Houser, T., Bopp, C. & Hueber, D. Intensive Care Medicine, 84(1), pp. 79–85, 2010, Jan. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.08.024.
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“Microvascular dysfunction and skeletal muscle oxygenation assessed by phase-modulation near-infrared spectroscopy in patients with septic shock.” Blasi, R.A.D., Palmisani, S., Alampi, D., Mercieri, M., Romano, R., Collini, S. & Pinto, G. Intensive Care Medicine, 31(12), pp. 1661–1668, 2005, Oct. doi: 10.1007/s00134-005-2822-y.
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“Spatial distribution of vastus lateralis blood flow and oxyhemoglobin saturation measured at the end of isometric quadriceps contraction by multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy.” Quaresima, V., Ferrari, M., Franceschini, M.A., Hoimes, M.L. & Fantini, S. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 9(2), p. 413, 2004, Jul. doi: 10.1117/1.1646417.
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“Mapping of Hemodynamics on the Human Calf with Near Infrared Spectroscopy and the Influence of the Adipose Tissue Thickness.” Wolf, U., Wolf, M., Choi, J.H., Paunescu, L.A., Safonova, L.P., Michalos, A. & Gratton, E. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 352(1354), pp. 225–230, 2003, Jul. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0205-0_37.
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“Scattering coefficient - hemoglobin concentration relation determined by frequency-domain spectroscopy during venous occlusion.” Paunescu, L.A., Wolf, U., Wolf, M., Michalos, A. & Gratton, E. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 352(1354), pp. 677–683, 2000, Jul. doi: 10.1364/bosd.2000.tud2.
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“Calf muscle blood flow and oxygen consumption measured with near-infrared spectroscopy during venous occlusion.” Paunescu, L.A., Casavola, C., Franceschini, M.-A., Fantini, S., Winter, L., Kim, J., Wood, D. & Gratton, E. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 352(1354), pp. 677–683, 1999, Jul. doi: 10.1117/12.356790.
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“Comparison between near-infrared oximetry and 99mTc-HMPAO uptake in the resting peripheral muscle under normobaric normoxia and hypobaric hypoxi.” Pagani, M., Ansjon, R., Lind, F., Jonsson, C., Uusijarvi, J., Sumen, G., Jacobsson, H. & Larsson, S.A. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 352(1354), pp. 677–683, 1998, Jan. doi: 10.1117/12.301047.
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“Oxidative metabolism in muscle.” Ferrari, M., Binzoni, T. & Quaresima, V. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 352(1354), pp. 677–683, 1997, Jun. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1997.0049.
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“Difference in leg muscle oxygenation during treadmill exercise by a new near-infrared frequency-domain oximeter.” Quaresima, V., Franceschini, M.A., Fantini, S., Gratton, E., & Ferrari, M. Proc. SPIE, 3194, pp. 116-120, 1997, Dec.
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“O2 CONSUMPTION-O2 DELIVERY RELATIONSHIP AND ARTERIOLAR RESISTANCE IN THE FOREARM OF CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS MEASURED BY NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY.” Blasi, R.A.D., Ferrari, M., Antonelli, M., Conti, G., Almenräder, N. & Gasparetto, A. Shock, 6(5), pp. 319–325, 1996, Nov. doi: 10.1097/00024382-199611000-00003.
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“Cerebral and muscle oxygen saturation measurement by a frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopic technique.” Gratton,&Nbsp;E., S.M.W.W.H.C.G.P.M.&. Proceedings of SPIE - the International Society for Optical Engineering, 2389, pp. 868–875, 1995.
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“Quadriceps oxygenation changes during walking and running on a treadmill.” Quaresima, V., Pizzi, A., Blasi, R.A.D., Ferrari, A., Angelis, M.d. & Ferrari, M. NeuroImage, 56(3), pp. 1316–1328, 1995, Apr. doi: 10.1117/12.206829.
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“In vivo study of human tissues with a portable near-infrared tissue spectrometer.” Maier, J.S., Barbieri, B.B., Chervu, A., Chervu, I., Fantini, S., Franceschini, M.-A., Levi, M., Mantulin, W.W., Rosenberg, A., Walker, S.A. & Gratton, E. NeuroImage, 56(3), pp. 1316–1328, 1995, Apr. doi: 10.1117/12.206828.
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“Cerebral and muscle oxygen saturation measurement by frequency-domain near-infra-red spectrometer.” De Blasi, R.A., Fantini, S., Franceschini, M.A., Ferrari, M. & Gratton, E. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 33(2), pp. 228–230, 1995, Mar. doi: 10.1007/bf02523048.
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“A Randomized, Crossover Study of the Acute Cognitive and Cerebral Blood Flow Effects of Phenolic, Nitrate and Botanical Beverages in Young, Healthy Humans.” Jackson, P.A., Wightman, E.L., Veasey, R., Forster, J., Khan, J., Saunders, C., Mitchell, S., Haskell-Ramsay, C.F. & Kennedy, D.O. Nutrients, 12(8), p. 2254, 2020, Jul. doi: 10.3390/nu12082254.
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“The Acute and Chronic Cognitive and Cerebral Blood-Flow Effects of Nepalese Pepper (Zanthoxylum armatum DC.) Extract—A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study in Healthy Humans.” Kennedy, D., Wightman, E., Khan, J., Grothe, T. & Jackson, P. Nutrients, 11(12), p. 3022, 2019, Dec. doi: 10.3390/nu11123022.
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“The Acute and Chronic Cognitive and Cerebral Blood Flow Effects of a Sideritis scardica (Greek Mountain Tea) Extract: A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Groups Study in Healthy Humans.” Wightman, E., Jackson, P., Khan, J., Forster, J., Heiner, F., Feistel, B., Suarez, C., Pischel, I. & Kennedy, D. Nutrients, 10(8), p. 955, 2018, Jul. doi: 10.3390/nu10080955.
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“Near-infrared oximetry of three post-rigor skeletal muscles for following myoglobin redox forms.” Mohan, A., Hunt, M.C., Barstow, T.J., Houser, T.A. & Hueber, D.M. Food Chemistry, 123(2), pp. 456–464, 2010, Nov. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.04.068.
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“Effects of fibre orientation, myoglobin redox form, and postmortem storage on NIR tissue oximeter measurements of beef longissimus muscle.” Mohan, A., Hunt, M., Barstow, T., Houser, T., Bopp, C. & Hueber, D. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 84(1), pp. 79–85, 2010, Jan. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.08.024.
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“Brain hypoxia, neurocognitive impairment, and quality of life in people post-COVID-19.” Adingupu, D.D., Soroush, A., Hansen, A., Twomey, R. & Dunn, J.F. Journal of Neurology, 2023, May. doi: 10.1007/s00415-023-11767-2.
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“A Novel Method to Measure Transient Impairments in Cognitive Function During Acute Bouts of Hypoxia.” Uchida, K., Baker, S.E., Wiggins, C.C., Senefeld, J.W., Shepherd, J.R.A., Trenerry, M.R., Buchholtz, Z.A., Clifton, H.R., Holmes, D.R., Joyner, M.J. & Curry, T.B. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance, 91(11), pp. 839–844, 2020, Nov. doi: 10.3357/amhp.5665.2020.
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“Supraspinal Fatigue and Neural-evoked Responses in Lowlanders and Sherpa at 5050 m.” Ruggiero, L. & Mcneil, C.J. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 51(1), pp. 183–192, 2019, Jan. doi: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001748.
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“UBC-Nepal expedition: peripheral fatigue recovers faster in Sherpa than lowlanders at high altitude.” Ruggiero, L., Hoiland, R.L., Hansen, A.B., Ainslie, P.N. & Mcneil, C.J. The Journal of Physiology, 596(22), pp. 5365–5377, 2018, Oct. doi: 10.1113/jp276599.
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“The role of cerebral oxygenation and regional cerebral blood flow on tolerance to central hypovolemia.” Kay, V.L. & Rickards, C.A. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, 310(4), pp. R375–R383, 2016, Feb. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00367.2015.
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“Coupling between arterial pressure, cerebral blood velocity, and cerebral tissue oxygenation with spontaneous and forced oscillations.” Rickards, C.A., Sprick, J.D., Colby, H.B., Kay, V.L. & Tzeng, Y.-C. Physiological Reports, 36(4), pp. 785–801, 2015, Mar. doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/36/4/785.
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“Reproducibility of a continuous ramp lower body negative pressure protocol for simulating hemorrhage.” Kay, V.L. & Rickards, C.A. Physiological Reports, 3(11), p. e12640, 2015, Nov. doi: 10.14814/phy2.12640.
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“Reduced cortical microvascular oxygenation in multiple sclerosis: a blinded, case-controlled study using a novel quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy method.” Yang, R. & Dunn, J.F. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 2015, Nov. doi: 10.1038/srep16477.
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“Effect of different assumptions for brain water content on absolute measures of cerebral oxygenation determined by frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy in preterm infants: an observational study.” Demel, A., Wolf, M., Poets, C.F. & Franz, A.R. BMC Pediatrics, 14(1), 2014, Aug. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-206.
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“Noninvasive monitoring of red blood cell transfusion in very low birthweight infants using diffuse optical spectroscopy.” Cerussi, A., Woerkom, R.V., Waffarn, F. & Tromberg, B. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 10(5), p. 051401, 2005, Nov. doi: 10.1117/1.2080102.
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“Noninvasive monitoring of hemodynamic stress using quantitative near-infrared frequency-domain photon migration spectroscopy.” Pham, T.H., Hornung, R., Ha, H.P., Burney, T., Serna, D., Powell, L., Brenner, M. & Tromberg, B.J. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 7(1), p. 34, 2002, Nov. doi: 10.1117/1.1427046.
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“Muscle oxygenation during normoxic and hypoxic cycling exercise in humans with high-affinity haemoglobin.” Webb, K.L., Elshaer, A.N., Dominelli, P.B., Senefeld, J.W., Hammer, S.M., Baker, S.E., Shepherd, J.R.A., Roy, T.K., Joyner, M.J. & Wiggins, C.C. Experimental Physiology, 107(8), pp. 854–863, 2022, Jun. doi: 10.1113/ep090308.
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“A longitudinal study on the interchangeable use of whole-body and local exercise thresholds in cycling.” Caen, K., Bourgois, J.G., Stassijns, E. & Boone, J. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 122(7), p. 1657–1670, 2022, Apr. doi: 10.1007/s00421-022-04942-2.
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“Body position does not influence muscle oxygenation during submaximal cycling.” Wiggins, C.C., Baker, S.E., Shepherd, J.R.A., Uchida, K., Joyner, M.J. & Dominelli, P.B. Translational Sports Medicine, 4(2), pp. 193–203, 2020, Oct. doi: 10.1002/tsm2.202.
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“Impact of Rest-Redistribution on Fatigue During Maximal Eccentric Knee Extensions.” Merrigan, J.J., Jones, M.T., Padecky, J., Malecek, J., Omcirk, D., Scott, B.R. & Tufano, J.J. Journal of Human Kinetics, 74(1), pp. 205–214, 2020, Aug. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2020-0028.
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“Inspiratory Muscle Training: Improvement of Exercise Performance With Acute Hypoxic Exposure.” Hursh, D.G., Baranauskas, M.N., Wiggins, C.C., Bielko, S., Mickleborough, T.D. & Chapman, R.F. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 14(8), pp. 1124–1131, 2019, Sep. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0483.
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“Ischemic Preconditioning, O2 Kinetics, and Performance in Normoxia and Hypoxia.” Wiggins, C.C., Constantini, K., Paris, H.L., Mickleborough, T.D. & Chapman, R.F. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 51(5), pp. 900–911, 2019, May. doi: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001882.
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“Submaximal exercise cardiac output is increased by 4 weeks of sprint interval training in young healthy males with low initial Q̇-V̇O2: Importance of cardiac response phenotype.” Bentley, R.F., Jones, J.H., Hirai, D.M., Zelt, J.T., Giles, M.D., Raleigh, J.P., Quadrilatero, J., Gurd, B.J., Neder, J.A. & Tschakovsky, M.E. PLOS ONE, 14(1), p. e0195458, 2019, Jan. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195458.
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“Greater Oxidative Capacity in Primary Myotubes from Endurance-trained Women.” Heden, T.D., Ryan, T.E., Ferrara, P.J., Hickner, R.C., Brophy, P.M., Neufer, P.D., Mcclung, J.M. & Funai, K. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 49(11), pp. 2151–2157, 2017, Nov. doi: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001352.
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“Acute supplementation of N-acetylcysteine does not affect muscle blood flow and oxygenation characteristics during handgrip exercis.” Smith, J.R., Broxterman, R.M., Ade, C.J., Evans, K.K., Kurti, S.P., Hammer, S.M., Barstow, T.J. & Harms, C.A. Physiological Reports, 4(7), p. e12748, 2016, Apr. doi: 10.14814/phy2.12748.
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“The interrelationship between muscle oxygenation, muscle activation, and pulmonary oxygen uptake to incremental ramp exercise: influence of aerobic fitness.” Boone, J., Barstow, T.J., Celie, B., Prieur, F. & Bourgois, J. Physiological Reports, 41(1), pp. 55–62, 2016, Jan. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0261.
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“Influence of blood flow occlusion on muscle oxygenation characteristics and the parameters of the power-duration relationship.” Broxterman, R.M., Ade, C.J., Craig, J.C., Wilcox, S.L., Schlup, S.J. & Barstow, T.J. Journal of Applied Physiology, 118(7), pp. 880–889, 2015, Apr. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00875.2014.
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“The effect of resting blood flow occlusion on exercise tolerance and W'.” Broxterman, R.M., Craig, J.C., Ade, C.J., Wilcox, S.L. & Barstow, T.J. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, 309(6), pp. R684–R691, 2015, Sep. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00283.2015.
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“Influence of blood flow occlusion on the development of peripheral and central fatigue during small muscle mass handgrip exercise.” Broxterman, R.M., Craig, J.C., Smith, J.R., Wilcox, S.L., Jia, C., Warren, S. & Barstow, T.J. The Journal of Physiology, 593(17), pp. 4043–4054, 2015, Aug. doi: 10.1113/jp270424.
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“Discrepancy between femoral and capillary blood flow kinetics during knee extension exercise.” Schlup, S., Ade, C., Broxterman, R. & Barstow, T. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 219(1), pp. 69–77, 2015, Dec. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.08.005.
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“Influence of duty cycle on the power-duration relationship: Observations and potential mechanisms.” Broxterman, R., Ade, C., Wilcox, S., Schlup, S., Craig, J. & Barstow, T. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 192(2), pp. 102–111, 2014, Feb. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.11.010.
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“Forearm muscle oxygenation responses during and following arterial occlusion in patients with mitochondrial myopathy.” Boone, J., Celie, B., Dumortier, J., Barstow, T.J., Bleecker, J.D., Smet, J., Lander, A.V., Coster, R.V. & Bourgois, J. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 190(2), pp. 70–75, 2014, Jan. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.09.007.
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“Relationship between brachial artery blood flow and total [hemoglobin + myoglobin] during post-occlusive reactive hyperemia.” Bopp, C.M., Townsend, D.K., Warren, S. & Barstow, T.J. Microvascular Research, 91(2), pp. 37–43, 2014, Jan. doi: 10.1016/j.mvr.2013.10.004.
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“Assessment of in vivo skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity in humans by near-infrared spectroscopy: a comparison with in situ measurements.” Ryan, T.E., Brophy, P., Lin, C.-T., Hickner, R.C., & Darrell Neufer, P. J Physiol, 592 (15). 2014. pp. 3231 - 3241.
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“The impact of pedal rate on muscle oxygenation, muscle activation and whole-body VO2 during ramp exercise in healthy subjects.” Boone, J., Barstow, T.J., Celie, B., Prieur, F. & Bourgois, J. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 115(1), pp. 57–70, 2014, Sep. doi: 10.1007/s00421-014-2991-x.
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“Pattern of deoxy[Hb + Mb] during ramp cycle exercise: influence of aerobic fitness status.” Boone, J., Koppo, K., Barstow, T.J. & Bouckaert, J. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 105(6), pp. 851–859, 2009, Jan. doi: 10.1007/s00421-008-0969-2.
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“Muscle microvascular hemoglobin concentration and oxygenation within the contraction–relaxation cycle.” Lutjemeier, B.J., Ferreira, L.F., Poole, D.C., Townsend, D. & Barstow, T.J. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 160(2), pp. 131–138, 2008, Feb. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2007.09.005.
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“Human femoral artery and estimated muscle capillary blood flow kinetics following the onset of exercise.” Harper, A.J., Ferreira, L.F., Lutjemeier, B.J., Townsend, D.K. & Barstow, T.J. Experimental Physiology, 91(4), pp. 661–671, 2006, Jun. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2005.032904.
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“Dynamics of skeletal muscle oxygenation during sequential bouts of moderate exercise.” Ferreira, L.F., Lutjemeier, B.J., Townsend, D.K. & Barstow, T.J. Experimental Physiology, 90(3), pp. 393–401, 2005, May. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2004.029595.
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“Kinetics of estimated human muscle capillary blood flow during recovery from exercise.” Ferreira, L.F., Harper, A.J., Townsend, D.K., Lutjemeier, B.J. & Barstow, T.J. Experimental Physiology, 90(5), pp. 715–726, 2005, Sep. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2005.030189.
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“Muscle contraction-blood flow interactions during upright knee extension exercise in humans.” Lutjemeier, B.J., Miura, A., Scheuermann, B.W., Koga, S., Townsend, D.K. & Barstow, T.J. Journal of Applied Physiology, 98(4), pp. 1575–1583, 2005, Apr. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00219.2004.
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“Muscle capillary blood flow kinetics estimated from pulmonary O2 uptake and near-infrared spectroscopy.” Ferreira, L.F., Townsend, D.K., Lutjemeier, B.J. & Barstow, T.J. Journal of Applied Physiology, 98(5), pp. 1820–1828, 2005, May. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00907.2004.
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“Effects of pedal frequency on estimated muscle microvascular O2 extraction.” Ferreira, L.F., Lutjemeier, B.J., Townsend, D.K. & Barstow, T.J. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 96(5), pp. 558–563, 2005, Dec. doi: 10.1007/s00421-005-0107-3.
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“Kinetics of restoration of arteriolar tone after exercise.” Barstow, T.J., Lutjemeier, B.J. & Ferreira, L.F. Journal of Applied Physiology, 99(2), pp. 775, 2005, Aug. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00603.2005.
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“The Influence of Adipose Tissue Thickness on Near-Infrared Spectrometry During Intra-contraction Knee Extension Exercise.” Townsend, D., Ferreira, L., Lutjemeier, B. & Barstow, T. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(Supplement), p. S23, 2004, May. doi: 10.1249/00005768-200405001-00109.
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“Differences in the oxygenation of the forearm muscle during isometric contraction in trained and untrained subjects.” Anton, U. Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters, 7(2), pp. 375–377, 2002, Feb. doi: 10.1249/00005768-200405001-00109.
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“The endurance training effect on the oxygenation status of an isometrically contracted forearm muscle.” Ušaj, A. Pflügers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, 442(7), pp. r155–r156, 2001, Sep. doi: 10.1007/s004240100005.