One-Cuvette Sample Compartment
Overview of PC1
PC1 is a highly sensitive, compact, computer-controlled photon-counting spectrometer designed for applications in physical chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, neurochemistry, molecular biology, environmental analysis, and immunoassay research.
Key Features of PC1
Maximum Sensitivity
Fully Automated
Integration of External Devices
Upgradeable
Data Reduction Management
Sensitivity - The compact design optimizes the light path so that the sample compartment receives the maximum possible excitation light and the detectors collect the fluorescence signal with high efficiency. The end result of the compact design is an instrument with an outstanding ability to measure fluorophores with very low quantum yields.
Full Automation - Instrument control and data acquisition are PC-controlled through Vinci. All active instrument components and integrated external devices are displayed in the instrument control window where the user has direct control over all devices and accessories.
Integration of External Devices - PC1 has the capability to integrate external devices such as a stopped-flow accessory, temperature bath, pressure pump, and titrator. Any of these devices can be directly controlled through Vinci.
Data Reduction Management - Vinci - Multidimensional Fluorescence Spectroscopy software acquires data in ASCII format for maximum compatibility with other software packages. Data files can be stored directly on other workstations connected to a local area network.
Upgradability - PC1 is fully upgradable to a time-resolved spectrometer to acquire time-resolved fluorescence and phosphorescence measurements with picosecond resolution. A variety of light sources and other accessories are available for a broad range of applications.
Product Specifications for PC1
Measurements (Steady-State Fluorescence)
- Corrected excitation and emission spectra
- Excitation-emission matrices
- Polarization (anisotropy) measurements
- Millisecond kinetics in photon counting mode
- Dual-wavelength-ratiometric excitation or emission measurements
Light Sources
- 300 W high-pressure xenon arc lamp, 45 mW/nm brightness at 275 nm
- Lamp power supply: controllable in current, with time meter
Optional Sources
- Laser diodes
- Light emitting diodes (LEDs)
- Supercontinuum lasers (argon-ion, krypton-ion, helium-cadmium, etc.)
Monochromators
- Single concave holographic gratings. Wavelength range: from 200 nm to 850 nm; optional: from 400 nm to 1,600 nm.
Wavelength Accuracy
- ±0.2 nm
Wavelength Reproducibility
- ±0.25 nm
Slew Rate
- 160 nm/s
Lenses
- UV-grade fused silica lenses
Polarizers
- UV-grade Glan-Thompson, 10 x 10 mm, L/A=2.0
- UV-grade Glan-Thompson, 14 x 14 mm, L/A=2.0
- UV-grade Glan-Taylor, 10 x 10 mm, L/A=2.0 (for high power lasers)
Optical Design and Collection Geometry
- Parallel beam design for precise polarization measurements
- T-format for simultaneous acquisition on 2 emission channels
Detectors
- Wavelength range: 240 - 900 nm, up to 1,700 nm (optional)
Detection Modes
- Photon counting electronics, 10 KHz, on 3 independent channels
- Optional: Analog Output
Pre-Amplifier Discriminators
- 80 MHz bandwidth, TTL output
Dynamic Range
- Linear up to 4 million counts/s
Sensitivity
- 800 fM of fluorescein (with cooled PMT housing)
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
- 2000:1 (room temperature PMT housing)
- 6000:1 (cooled PMT housing)
Automation
- Control of 4 shutters
- Up to 3 monochromators
- 3 polarizers
- Sample holder rotation
- Stirrers
- Filter wheel
Instrument Interface to RS232 Devices
- Titrators
- Stopped-flow apparatus
- Peltier sample compartment
- Flow-through temperature bath
Operating System
- Windows 11, 64-bit
Power Requirements
- Universal power input: 110 - 240 V, 50/60 Hz, 400 VAC
Dimensions (mm)
- 885 (L) x 600 (W) x 330 (H)
- With lamp: 885 (L) x 835 (W) x 330 (H)
Weight (kg)
- 40
Example Configuration for PC1
Product Accessories for PC1
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Two-Cuvette Sample Compartment
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Three-Cuvette Sample Compartment
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One-Cuvette Peltier Sample Compartment
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Four-Cuvette, Peltier-Controlled Sample Compartment
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Variable-Angle, Front Surface Sample Compartment
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Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) Flow Cell
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Absorption Measurements Accessory
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High-Pressure Cell System
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Microwell Plate Reader
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Integrating Sphere
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Dewar Flask
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Cryostat
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Fiber Optics
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Single Syringe Titrator
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Double Syringe Titrator
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Polarizers
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Laser Diodes
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Stopped-Flow Packages for ISS Spectrofluorimeters
Product Software for PC1
Vinci
A comprehensive multidimensional fluorescence spectroscopy software program designed to enhance the capabilities and performance of ISS spectrofluorometers.
Learn MoreProduct Resources
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Absorption Measurements on PC1
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Anisotropy Decay Measurements
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Fluorescence Basic Instrumentation
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Fluorescence Lifetime
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Fluorescence Polarization
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Fluorescence Spectroscopy
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Long-Wavelength Polarization Standards
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Measurement of Fluorescence Quantum Yields on ISS Instrumentation Using Vinci
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Polarization Measurements: Parallel vs. Non-Parallel Beam Geometry
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Phasor Plots for the Analysis of Time-resolved Fluorescence
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What is Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF)?
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A Critical Comparison of Xenon Lamps
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“Family of pH (low) insertion peptides for tumor targeting.” Weerakkody, D., Moshnikova, A., Thakur, M.S., Moshnikova, V., Daniels, J., Engelman, D.M., Andreev, O.A. & Reshetnyak, Y.K. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(15), pp. 5834–5839, 2013, Mar. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1303708110.
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“Modulation of the pHLIP Transmembrane Helix Insertion Pathway.” Karabadzhak, A., Weerakkody, D., Wijesinghe, D., Thakur, M., Engelman, D., Andreev, O., Markin, V. & Reshetnyak, Y. Biophysical Journal, 102(8), pp. 1846–1855, 2012, Apr. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.03.021.
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“The asymmetry in the mature amino-terminus of ClpP facilitates a local symmetry match in ClpAP and ClpXP complexes.” Bewley, M.C., Graziano, V., Griffin, K. & Flanagan, J.M. Journal of Structural Biology, 153(2), pp. 113–128, 2006, Feb. doi: 10.1016/j.jsb.2005.09.011.
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“Target Structure-Based Discovery of Small Molecules that Block Human p53 and CREB Binding Protein Association.” Sachchidanand, Resnick-Silverman, L., Yan, S., Mutjaba, S., Liu, W.-j., Zeng, L., Manfredi, J.J. & Zhou, M.-M. Chemistry & Biology, 13(1), pp. 81–90, 2006, Jan. doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.10.014.
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“The SRC-3/AIB1 Coactivator Is Degraded in a Ubiquitin- and ATP-Independent Manner by the REG&Gamma Proteasome.” Li, X., Lonard, D.M., Jung, S.Y., Malovannaya, A., Feng, Q., Qin, J., Tsai, S.Y., Tsai, M.-J. & O'Malley, B.W. Cell, 124(2), pp. 381–392, 2006, Jan. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.11.037.
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“Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Measurements Are Consistent with a Helical Bundle Model for Lipid-Free Apolipoprotein A-I.” Brouillette, C.G., Dong, W.-J., Yang, Z.W., Ray, M.J., Protasevich, I.I., Cheung, H.C. & Engler, J.A. Biochemistry, 44(50), pp. 16413–16425, 2005, Nov. doi: 10.1021/bi051018v.
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“Site-Directed Fluorescence Labeling Reveals Differences on the R-Conformer of Glucosamine 6-Phosphate Deaminase of Escherichia coli Induced by Active or Allosteric Site Ligands at Steady State.” Sosa-Peinado, A. & González-Andrade, M. Biochemistry, 44(46), pp. 15083–15092, 2005, Oct. doi: 10.1021/bi050306o.
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“Separating the Contribution of Translational and Rotational Diffusion to Protein Association.” Kuttner, Y.Y., Kozer, N., Segal, E., Schreiber, G. & Haran, G. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127(43), pp. 15138–15144, 2005, Oct. doi: 10.1021/ja053681c.
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“Measurements of Internal Distance Changes of the 30S Ribosome Using FRET with Multiple Donor–Acceptor Pairs: Quantitative Spectroscopic Methods.” Majumdar, Z.K., Hickerson, R., Noller, H.F. & Clegg, R.M. Journal of Molecular Biology, 351(5), pp. 1123–1145, 2005, Sep. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.06.027.
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“A bioactive titanium foam scaffold for bone repair.” Spoerke, E.D., Murray, N.G., Li, H., Brinson, L.C., Dunand, D.C. & Stupp, S.I. Acta Biomaterialia, 1(5), pp. 523–533, 2005, Sep. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2005.04.005.
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“Acid- and pressure-induced (un)folding of yeast glutathione reductase: Competition between protein oligomerization and aggregation.” Morais, A.C.S., Chapeaurouge, A. & Ferreira, S.T. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 37(9), pp. 1890–1899, 2005, Sep. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.04.007.
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“Structural and Functional Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis CmtR, a PbII/CdII-Sensing SmtB/ArsR Metalloregulatory Repressor.” Wang, Y., Hemmingsen, L. & Giedroc, D.P. Biochemistry, 44(25), pp. 8976–8988, 2005, Jun. doi: 10.1021/bi050094v.
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“Probing the Interior of Peptide Amphiphile Supramolecular Aggregates.” Tovar, J.D., Claussen, R.C. & Stupp, S.I. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127(20), pp. 7337–7345, 2005, Apr. doi: 10.1021/ja043764d.
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“Domain Study of Bacteriophage P22 Coat Protein and Characterization of the Capsid Lattice Transformation by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange.” Kang, S. & Prevelige, P.E. Journal of Molecular Biology, 347(5), pp. 935–948, 2005, Apr. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.02.021.
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“Entamoeba histolytica: inhibition of cellular functions by overexpression of EhGEF1, a novel Rho/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor.” Aguilar-Rojas, A., Almaraz-Barrera, M.d.J., Krzeminski, M., Robles-Flores, M., Hernández-Rivas, R., Guillén, N., Maroun, R.C. & Vargas, M. Experimental Parasitology, 109(3), pp. 150–162, 2005, Mar. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2004.12.013.
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“Oligomeric State and Mode of Self-Association of Thermotoga maritima Ribosomal Stalk Protein L12 in Solution.” Moens, P.D.J., Wahl, M.C. & Jameson, D.M. Biochemistry, 44(9), pp. 3298–3305, 2005, Feb. doi: 10.1021/bi048015n.
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“Effect of Modification of the Length and Flexibility of the Acyl Carrier Protein-Thioesterase Interdomain Linker on Functionality of the Animal Fatty Acid Synthase.” Joshi, A.K., Witkowski, A., Berman, H.A., Zhang, L. & Smith, S. Biochemistry, 44(10), pp. 4100–4107, 2005, Feb. doi: 10.1021/bi047856r.
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“Effect of pH and ionic strength on the cytolytic toxin Cyt1A: a fluorescence spectroscopy study.” Manceva, S.D., Pusztai-Carey, M. & Butko, P. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics, 1699(1), pp. 123–130, 2004. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.02.004.
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“A Detergent-like Mechanism of Action of the Cytolytic Toxin Cyt1A from Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis.” Manceva, S.D., Pusztai-Carey, M., Russo, P.S. & Butko, P. Biochemistry, 44(2), pp. 589–597, 2004, Dec. doi: 10.1021/bi048493y.
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“Inhibition of yeast glutathione reductase by trehalose: possible implications in yeast survival and recovery from stress.” Sebollela, A., Louzada, P.R., Sola-Penna, M., Sarone-Williams, V., Coelho-Sampaio, T. & Ferreira, S.T. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 36(5), pp. 900–908, 2004, May. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2003.10.006.
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“The Biotin Repressor: Modulation of Allostery by Corepressor Analogs.” Brown, P.H., Cronan, J.E., Grøtli, M. & Beckett, D. Journal of Molecular Biology, 337(4), pp. 857–869, 2004, Apr. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.01.041.
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“Effects of Protein Kinase C Dependent Phosphorylation and a Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy-Related Mutation of Cardiac Troponin I on Structural Transition of Troponin C and Myofilament Activation.” Kobayashi, T., Dong, W.-J., Burkart, E.M., Cheung, H.C. & Solaro, R.J. Biochemistry, 43(20), pp. 5996–6004, 2004, Apr. doi: 10.1021/bi036073n.
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“Cdc42 Regulates the Par-6 PDZ Domain through an Allosteric CRIB-PDZ Transition.” Peterson, F.C., Penkert, R.R., Volkman, B.F. & Prehoda, K.E. Molecular Cell, 13(5), pp. 665–676, 2004, Mar. doi: 10.1016/s1097-2765(04)00086-3.
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“Conserved Cysteine 126 in Triosephosphate Isomerase Is Required Not for Enzymatic Activity but for Proper Folding and Stability.” González-Mondragón, E., Zubillaga, R.A., Saavedra, E., Chánez-Cárdenas, M.E., Pérez-Montfort, R. & Hernández-Arana, A. Biochemistry, 43(11), pp. 3255–3263, 2004, Feb. doi: 10.1021/bi036077s.
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“Liver Fatty Acid-Binding Protein Colocalizes with Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor α and Enhances Ligand Distribution to Nuclei of Living Cells.” Huang, H., Starodub, O., Mcintosh, A., Atshaves, B.P., Woldegiorgis, G., Kier, A.B. & Schroeder, F. Biochemistry, 43(9), pp. 2484–2500, 2004, Feb. doi: 10.1021/bi0352318.
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“Detection of Tryptophan to Tryptophan Energy Transfer in Proteins.” Moens, P.D., Helms, M.K. & Jameson, D.M. The Protein Journal, 23(1), pp. 79–83, 2004, Jan. doi: 10.1023/b:jopc.0000016261.97474.2e.
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“Persistent Conformational Heterogeneity of Triosephosphate Isomerase: Separation and Characterization of Conformational Isomers in Solution.” Moreau, V.H., Rietveld, A.W.M. & Ferreira, S.T. Biochemistry, 42(50), pp. 14831–14837, 2003, Nov. doi: 10.1021/bi0343572.
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“Sterol Carrier Protein-2 Selectively Alters Lipid Composition and Cholesterol Dynamics of Caveolae/Lipid Raft vs Nonraft Domains in L-Cell Fibroblast Plasma Membranes.” Atshaves, B.P., Gallegos, A.M., Mcintosh, A.L., Kier, A.B. & Schroeder, F. Biochemistry, 42(49), pp. 14583–14598, 2003, Nov. doi: 10.1021/bi034966+.
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“Ablation of the Liver Fatty Acid Binding Protein Gene Decreases Fatty Acyl CoA Binding Capacity and Alters Fatty Acyl CoA Pool Distribution in Mouse Liver.” Martin, G.G., Huang, H., Atshaves, B.P., Binas, B. & Schroeder, F. Biochemistry, 42(39), pp. 11520–11532, 2003, Sep. doi: 10.1021/bi0346749.
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“The Mechanism of Ras GTPase Activation by Neurofibromin.” Phillips, R.A., Hunter, J.L., Eccleston, J.F. & Webb, M.R. Biochemistry, 42(13), pp. 3956–3965, 2003, Mar. doi: 10.1021/bi027316z.
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“The 2'-O- and 3'-O-Cy3-EDA-ATP(ADP) Complexes with Myosin Subfragment-1 are Spectroscopically Distinct.” Oiwa, K., Jameson, D.M., Croney, J.C., Davis, C.T., Eccleston, J.F. & Anson, M. Biophysical Journal, 84(1), pp. 634–642, 2003, Jan. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74883-8.
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“Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy studies show domain-specific interactions of calmodulin with IQ target sequences of myosin V.” Bayley, P., Martin, S., Browne, P. & Royer, C. European Biophysics Journal, 32(2), pp. 122–127, 2003, Jan. doi: 10.1007/s00249-002-0274-7.
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“Structural and Biochemical Characterization of a Fluorogenic Rhodamine-Labeled Malarial Protease Substrate.” Blackman, M.J., Corrie, J.E.T., Croney, J.C., Kelly, G., Eccleston, J.F. & Jameson, D.M. Biochemistry, 41(40), pp. 12244–12252, 2002, Sep. doi: 10.1021/bi0263661.
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“Specificity in DNA recognition by a peptide from papillomavirus E2 protein.” Faber-Barata, J., Mohana-Borges, R. & Lima, L.M.T. FEBS Letters, 580(8), pp. 1919–1924, 2006, Feb. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.02.047.
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“Modulation of Pig Kidney Na+/K+-ATPase Activity by Cholesterol: Role of Hydration.” Sotomayor, C.P., Aguilar, L.F., Cuevas, F.J., Helms, M.K. & Jameson, D.M. Biochemistry, 39(35), pp. 10928–10935, 2000, Aug. doi: 10.1021/bi000717z.
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“Reversible Equilibrium Unfolding of Triosephosphate Isomerase from Trypanosoma cruzi in Guanidinium Hydrochloride Involves Stable Dimeric and Monomeric Intermediates.” Chánez-Cárdenas, M.E., Pérez-Hernández, G., Sánchez-Rebollar, B.G., Costas, M. & Vázquez-Contreras, E. Biochemistry, 44(32), pp. 10883–10892, 2005, Jul. doi: 10.1021/bi047687a.
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“Supramolecular Fluorophores for Biological Studies: Phenylene Vinylene-Amino Acid Amphiphiles.” Harrington, D.A., Behanna, H.A., Tew, G.N., Claussen, R.C. & Stupp, S.I. Chemistry & Biology, 12(10), pp. 1085–1091, 2005, Oct. doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.07.010.
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“Acyl-Coenzyme A Binding Protein Expression Alters Liver Fatty Acyl-Coenzyme A Metabolism.” Huang, H., Atshaves, B.P., Frolov, A., Kier, A.B. & Schroeder, F. Biochemistry, 44(30), pp. 10282–10297, 2005, Jul. doi: 10.1021/bi0477891.
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“Side-chain hydrophobicity scale derived from transmembrane protein folding into lipid bilayers.” Moon, C.P. & Fleming, K.G. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(25), pp. 10174–10177, 2011, May. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1103979108.
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“Determination of the Activation Volume of PLCβ by Gβγ-Subunits through the Use of High Hydrostatic Pressure.” Scarlata, S. Biophysical Journal, 88(4), pp. 2867–2874, 2005, Apr. doi: 10.1529/biophysj.104.055715.
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“Determination of the Volume Changes for Pressure-Induced Transitions of Apomyoglobin between the Native, Molten Globule, and Unfolded States.” Vidugiris, G.J. & Royer, C.A. Biophysical Journal, 75(1), pp. 463–470, 1998, Jul. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3495(98)77534-4.
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“Size controlled nano meter phase structure in thin films of blend polythiophene derivatives.” Cui, H.-N., Teixeira, V., Zhang, J. & Lee, H. Thin Solid Films, 515(1), pp. 301–306, 2006, Sep. doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2005.12.108.
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“Probing Single-Stranded DNA Conformational Flexibility Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy.” Murphy, M., Rasnik, I., Cheng, W., Lohman, T.M. & Ha, T. Biophysical Journal, 86(4), pp. 2530–2537, 2004, Apr. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3495(04)74308-8.
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“Polymer/Gold Nanoparticle Nanocomposite Light-Emitting Diodes: Enhancement of Electroluminescence Stability and Quantum Efficiency of Blue-Light-Emitting Polymers.” Park, J.H., Lim, Y.T., Park, O.O., Kim, J.K., Yu, J.-W. & Kim, Y.C. Chemistry of Materials, 16(4), pp. 688–692, 2004, Jan. doi: 10.1021/cm0304142.
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“Effects of Surface Passivation on Silicon Nanoparticle Photoluminescence.” Harwell, D.E., Croney, J.C., Qin, W., Thornton, J.T., Day, J.H., Hajime, E.K. & Jameson, D.M. Chemistry Letters, 32(12), pp. 1194–1195, 2003, Dec. doi: 10.1246/cl.2003.1194.
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“Photophysical characterization of [Ir(ppy)2(dmb)][PF6] towards application in light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs).” Zanoni, K.P.S., Sanematsu, M.S. & Iha, N.Y.M. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 43(8), pp. 162–164, 2014, May. doi: 10.1016/j.inoche.2014.02.010.
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“Blue-Green Iridium(III) Emitter and Comprehensive Photophysical Elucidation of Heteroleptic Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes.” Zanoni, K.P.S., Kariyazaki, B.K., Ito, A., Brennaman, M.K., Meyer, T.J. & Iha, N.Y.M. Inorganic Chemistry, 53(8), pp. 4089–4099, 2014, Mar. doi: 10.1021/ic500070s.
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“White light emission from a polymer bilayer by incomplete cascade energy transfer.” Park, J.H., Park, O.O., Kim, J.K., Yu, J.-W. & Kim, Y.C. Current Applied Physics, 6(4), pp. 640–643, 2006, Jul. doi: 10.1016/j.cap.2005.04.011.
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“On the use of theoretical tools in the study of photophysical properties of the new Eu(fod)3 complex with diphenbipy.” Santos, E.R.d., Santos, M.A.d., Freire, R.O., Júnior, S.A., Barreto, L.S. & Mesquita, M.E.d. Chemical Physics Letters, 418(4-6), pp. 337–341, 2006, Feb. doi: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.10.114.
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“Spectroscopic properties of the Eu(fod)3Phen–NO incorporated carboxylate glass.” Beltrão, M.A., Santos, M.L., Mesquita, M.E., Barreto, L.S., da Costa, N.B., Freire, R.O. & Couto dos Santos, M.A. Journal of Luminescence, 116(1-2), pp. 132–138, 2006, Jan. doi: 10.1016/j.jlumin.2005.04.002.
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“Remote and Adjacent Excited-State Electron Transfer at TiO2 Interfaces Sensitized to Visible Light with Ru(II) Compounds.” Liu, F. & Meyer, G.J. Inorganic Chemistry, 44(25), pp. 9305–9313, 2005, Nov. doi: 10.1021/ic0513336.
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“α-Crystallin binding in vitro to lipids from clear human lenses.” Grami, V., Marrero, Y., Huang, L., Tang, D., Yappert, M.C. & Borchman, D. Experimental Eye Research, 81(2), pp. 138–146, 2005, Aug. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.12.014.
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“Spectroscopic Studies of the Intermolecular Interactions of Congo Red and Tinopal CBS with Modified Cellulose Fibers.” Yamaki, S.B., Barros, D.S., Garcia, C.M., Socoloski, P., Oliveira,, O.N. & Atvars, T.D.Z. Langmuir, 21(12), pp. 5414–5420, 2005, May. doi: 10.1021/la046842j.
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“Photophysical study of a conjugated–non-conjugated PPV-type electroluminescent copolymer.” Machado, A., Neto, J.D.M., Cossiello, R., Atvars, T., Ding, L., Karasz, F. & Akcelrud, L. Polymer, 46(8), pp. 2452–2460, 2005, Mar. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.02.007.
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“White polymer light-emitting devices from ternary-polymer blend with concentration gradient.” Park, J.H., Lee, T.-W., Kim, Y.C., Park, O.O. & Kim, J.K. Chemical Physics Letters, 403(4-6), pp. 293–297, 2005, Feb. doi: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.12.119.
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“Hole-transporting property of a chemically hybridized poly(vinylcarbazole)-fullerene.” Park, J.H., Park, O.O., Kim, J., Yu, J.-W., Kim, J.K. & Kim, Y.C. Current Applied Physics, 4(6), pp. 659–662, 2004, Nov. doi: 10.1016/j.cap.2003.11.066.
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“Photophysical Study in Blends of Poly(alkyl methacrylate-co-styrene)/Polystyrene.” de Andrade, M.L. & Atvars, T.D.Z. Macromolecules, 37(24), pp. 9096–9108, 2004, Nov. doi: 10.1021/ma049265e.
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“Diffusion of a Single Component in a Binary Polymer Blend upon Annealing Monitored by Fluorescence Microspectroscopy.” de Andrade, M.L. & Atvars, T.D.Z. Macromolecules, 37(25), pp. 9626–9630, 2004, Nov. doi: 10.1021/ma048873r.
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“Optoelectronic and Photophysical Properties of Polyfluorene Blends as Side-Chain Length and Shape.” Byun, H.Y., Chung, I.J., Shim, H.-K. & Kim, C.Y. Macromolecules, 37(18), pp. 6945–6953, 2004, Aug. doi: 10.1021/ma049772w.
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“The effects of alkyl side-chain length and shape of polyfluorenes on the photoluminescence spectra and the fluorescence lifetimes of polyfluorene blends with poly(n-vinylcarbazole).” Byun, H.Y., Chung, I.J., Shim, H.-K. & Kim, C.Y. Chemical Physics Letters, 393(1-3), pp. 197–203, 2004, Jul. doi: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.06.029.
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“Enhanced light output in bilayer light-emitting diodes with film thickness variations.” Park, J.H., Lee, K.-J., Park, O.O., Yu, J.-W., Kim, Y.C. & Kim, J.K. Chemical Physics Letters, 386(1-3), pp. 101–104, 2004, Mar. doi: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.01.039.
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“Dynamic and Static Fluorescence Spectroscopy Applied to Miscibility of Poly(n-butyl methacrylate-co-styrene) with Polystyrene and Morphological Analysis by Epifluorescence Microscopy.” Andrade, M.L.d. & Atvars, T.D.Z. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 108(13), pp. 3975–3984, 2004, Mar. doi: 10.1021/jp034664h.
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“Surface Treatment to Enhance the Quantum Efficiency of Semiconductor Nanocrystals.” Jang, E., Jun, S., Chung, Y. & Pu, L. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 108(15), pp. 4597–4600, 2004, Mar. doi: 10.1021/jp049475t.
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